tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19975191797968492302024-03-18T12:34:56.484-04:00A Teacher on TeachingJohn J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.comBlogger468125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-52542106524524715662024-02-11T23:39:00.001-05:002024-02-23T14:18:09.252-05:001805<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">November
15</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific. </span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Scientists
now believe that the Coastal Salish people </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/09/science/dog-wool.html"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">bred
small dogs for their fleece</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, which they wove into dog wool blankets. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Scientists have examined 16,000 bone specimens from the dog family,
found from Oregon to Alaska, and determined that the vast majority of canid
bones were from domesticated dogs, not wolves, coyotes, or foxes. The coastal
tribes also had hunting dogs, but sheared the smaller knee-high animals. In the
early nineteenth century one white trader mentioned seeing canoes full of <span style="background: white;">“dogs more resembling Cheviot Lambs shorn of their
wool.”</span> (Story in <i>The New York Times</i>.)</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmdftP0x2EtZK00wc_TVuASIFZUDNMaFFor6yaiAWk98XnULwbz7VZFGWGTWobj3v-xUeMDkkA-s2VI00RYebxExShatDwhahRwP0ZJrPY7d-M9t8jfJeHJgAuJSK5Su_ALDMYcfqicoCxH0bKlwGJZdlnRzyTRzjZkUnpeXCFAmCpfWRnRZZr9tWPbxU/s2560/CR%201905%20Lewis%20and%20Clark%20on%20the%20Lower%20Columbia.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2002" data-original-width="2560" height="391" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmdftP0x2EtZK00wc_TVuASIFZUDNMaFFor6yaiAWk98XnULwbz7VZFGWGTWobj3v-xUeMDkkA-s2VI00RYebxExShatDwhahRwP0ZJrPY7d-M9t8jfJeHJgAuJSK5Su_ALDMYcfqicoCxH0bKlwGJZdlnRzyTRzjZkUnpeXCFAmCpfWRnRZZr9tWPbxU/w500-h391/CR%201905%20Lewis%20and%20Clark%20on%20the%20Lower%20Columbia.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific, by way of the Columbia River.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj0InQMuHHL0xOuSVC5MRY_nwlGy7IlGRYrblWcgm_Rm6AvO5Z6HwHVLKv0iylf0_KJKG1jMGuTVtO3joDgRlWq4fgt6l1FFnYajLP3YsbK2CWp938cAFvLTcuYLtzk6kAFGsPMs8DI5S8D3wfeFyhfh8opOawx24hGYGVJ_JdsLPUYYpRgbAYMFEz1SQ/s3142/Lewis%20and%20Clark,%20Ft.%20Clatsop%20look.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1988" data-original-width="3142" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj0InQMuHHL0xOuSVC5MRY_nwlGy7IlGRYrblWcgm_Rm6AvO5Z6HwHVLKv0iylf0_KJKG1jMGuTVtO3joDgRlWq4fgt6l1FFnYajLP3YsbK2CWp938cAFvLTcuYLtzk6kAFGsPMs8DI5S8D3wfeFyhfh8opOawx24hGYGVJ_JdsLPUYYpRgbAYMFEz1SQ/w505-h319/Lewis%20and%20Clark,%20Ft.%20Clatsop%20look.jpg" width="505" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The expedition spends the winter at Fort Clatsop, which they build.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span><p></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-81739621269202668232024-02-11T23:35:00.000-05:002024-02-11T23:35:01.984-05:001806<p> </p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FROM the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yale Alumni Magazine</i>, we have proof that the good old days were
never as good as they seem:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
full-scale </span><a href="http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/01_03/town_gown.html"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">riot</span></a><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, the first of
many fought with fists, clubs, and knives, breaks out between off-duty sailors
and Yale students. Townspeople refer to the leader of the Yale mob, Guy
Richards, as the “College bully.” Soon thereafter, students turn the title into
an elected undergraduate position until it is outlawed by the faculty in 1840.
(See also: 1841, 1854, 1858, 1919 and 1959.)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.3in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgup0xi3kQeoUzuWST-vaZAuayXO8cmdnkoJ6cM9ZH2R72bFK9AjZSxQmz2EGILI_40GrE8V5e5KRf3aZW-LKrPC-tK339SxXXioaxGAvY8URtAOMCRjDSq9W6Ofy8okZupSexZSf7z8rp9AHJfLw3SJ74Ep2MYkXlNw_6Z4OEqf-bn2xEhRl91Syq7lzM/s1271/Style%20-%20woman's%20hair%20-%201806.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1271" data-original-width="801" height="698" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgup0xi3kQeoUzuWST-vaZAuayXO8cmdnkoJ6cM9ZH2R72bFK9AjZSxQmz2EGILI_40GrE8V5e5KRf3aZW-LKrPC-tK339SxXXioaxGAvY8URtAOMCRjDSq9W6Ofy8okZupSexZSf7z8rp9AHJfLw3SJ74Ep2MYkXlNw_6Z4OEqf-bn2xEhRl91Syq7lzM/w441-h698/Style%20-%20woman's%20hair%20-%201806.jpg" width="441" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times;">Hair style: 1806.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-48127843000716990702024-02-11T23:32:00.000-05:002024-02-11T23:32:02.046-05:001807<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLwFUijVe-lpVHgGQXCuX8_SNn7M3D_m4B54RSzf2xe_IvuIebgmm6htjKHHi9_G1l_mzQmNHlqb7LphV5nvfJLUqbY0pLJ7-14N0hwOA1gYhKSh96Iv_WwJNtz2jllGbetsM56VTrlQa3xG0DwKpHtzUu9p4knxsNr9E4nbBSOfrJBYg_ET49mv0v3Fs/s3043/Transportation%20and%20Technology%20-%20Robert%20Fulton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3043" data-original-width="2057" height="627" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLwFUijVe-lpVHgGQXCuX8_SNn7M3D_m4B54RSzf2xe_IvuIebgmm6htjKHHi9_G1l_mzQmNHlqb7LphV5nvfJLUqbY0pLJ7-14N0hwOA1gYhKSh96Iv_WwJNtz2jllGbetsM56VTrlQa3xG0DwKpHtzUu9p4knxsNr9E4nbBSOfrJBYg_ET49mv0v3Fs/w423-h627/Transportation%20and%20Technology%20-%20Robert%20Fulton.jpg" width="423" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">JAMES WILKERSON becomes enmeshed in an
investigation into an alleged plot, led by Aaron Burr, to create a new nation
in the Mississippi Valley. James Monroe, had previously been offered a military
post under General Wilkerson, but correctly responded that he would “sooner be
shot.”</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">NEW JERSEY alters
its laws, which had for more than three decades, allowed women to vote. In
1776, the new state had decreed that all “inhabitants” could vote as long as
“they” could prove they had property worth more than 50 pounds. In 1797, a new
law regarding voters used the phrase, “he or she.” Most married women gave over
all their property to their spouses, and so lost the right to vote, but in
1800, one Jersey lawmaker was clear. </span><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Our
constitution gives this right to maids and widows, <em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">white and black,”</span></em> he said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So, did women exercise their right in any large
numbers? Records were unclear; and researchers went to work to try to find out.
Eighteen old voter rolls were found, nine of which showed that women did want
to vote when they could. One poll list from Somerset County, in 1801, seemed to
show that 46 of 343 voters were female. The sample was large enough to make a
point. Out of 2,695 documented votes on the rolls, the names of around 208
women appeared.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Then, as now, there were wild claims of voter
fraud. <i>The New York Times</i> explains:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="css-at9mc1" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There were charges of rampant fraud
and corruption, as newspapers filled with tales of elections thrown into chaos
by incompetent and easily manipulated “petticoat electors,” to say nothing of
men who put on dresses to vote five, six, seven times. …<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">More than one election brought
complaints of men rounding up carriage-loads of dubiously eligible women and
bringing them to the polls, to help push their candidate over the top. In 1802,
a candidate claimed that he lost a legislative race by a single vote only
because a married woman and an enslaved woman had illegally cast ballots.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Finally, in 1806, came a
bitterly fought election in Essex County to decide where a new courthouse would
be built. Nearly 14,000 votes were cast – more than the number of eligible
voters. …<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="css-at9mc1" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="css-at9mc1" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And so in 1807, New Jersey – which also
had no racial restrictions in voting at the time – passed a law explicitly
limiting the franchise to white men.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The property qualification, however, was
dropped, making all white males, for the first time, eligible to vote.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">June 22</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, the </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">British frigate <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leopard</i> intercepts the U.S. warship <i>Chesapeake</i>. The British
captain,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">demanded the surrender of several
seamen serving on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chesapeake</i>,
whom he claimed to be deserters from the British service. When this demand was
not acceded to, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leopard</i>, at a
distance of a hundred and fifty or two hundred feet, poured her whole broadside
into the American vessel. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chesapeake</i>
was unprepared for action. She received three broadsides without being able to
answer in kind, and then struck her flag and surrendered. Three men were killed
and eighteen wounded. The alleged deserters were taken aboard the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leopard</i>. Three of them were Americans,
one of the three being a negro. (56/273)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #363636; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">VAN LOON writes,</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Jefferson and his ministers knew that
both France and England were in desperate need of American grain. Therefore, in
December of 1807, they ordered all American vessels to remain at home until
further notice and sent word to London and Paris that not another bushel of
American grain or bale of American cotton would be forwarded to Europe until
these two governments had promised to behave themselves and leave the American
traders alone. (124/285-286)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">As for impressment, Van Loon notes that many
men were reluctant to serve on British warships, but the King required sailors.</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Hence the pleasant habit of His Majesty’s
tipstaffs of emptying the prisons and of raiding saloons and respectable beer-gardens
and dragging the occupants to the nearest war vessel to become jolly tars and
lead the life of galley slaves until the reestablishment of peace. </span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Needless to point out that these
pickpockets and footpads (not to mention perfectly peaceful tailors and clerks
who had gone out for a bit of air and a mug of ale) did not make ideal sailors.</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Conditions aboard were unhealthy and
before these reluctant sailors ever learned their new business, they “were apt
to be dead from an enemy’s bullet or from one of those forms of disease which
the jailbirds carried to the fleet and which turned so many ships into floating
hospitals.”</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">He continues, “Hence the practice of
waiting for all returning commercial vessels and depriving them of the greater
part of their crew.” The next step was to insist that likely young fellows on
foreign ships were actually British subjects and “enlist” their services, “with
the help of irons and chains.” (124/287)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NOTE TO TEACHERS: I think it would work
to ask students to put themselves in the place of any of these impressed
sailors. I never thought of that when I was teaching; but it should work</span></i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">June 22</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: The British ship <i>Leopard</i> of 50
guns stops the American frigate <i>Chesapeake</i> “which was fresh from the wharf
and had not even got her guns in position.” Opening fire without warning, the
enemy killed and wounded 21 American sailors, and four more were arrested as “deserters.”
The <i>Leopard</i> then joined the English squadron which was taking in a fresh
supply of water off Norfolk, Virginia. (124/289)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">“None
seemed willing to trust the evidence of their own senses.”</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">ROBERT
FULTON, having given up painting and taken up engineering, builds the first
successful steamboat. “The hull of his vessel he constructed in America. The
engine, however, he ordered from the firm of Boulton & Watt in Birmingham
in England. The <i>Clermont</i> was a huge success “and in less than a year had
grown too small for the number of passengers who wished to go from New York to
Albany in the fabulously short time of thirty-six hours.” (124/345) </span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">(Fulton
himself says it was 32 hours.)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiclsRAJlzy4JK9nNFZFmcr_sipWSb9whOgbv2IxNFnOQhZjUpea3pYdvrM-F4Lh0xdqywWY1HRB6cddQgPiuJqerUEqVEZz8a2uuLOFycsI9VsGaPe5JZQciHfLOOPyVj9i5oPMCy0xQYav5_ZBllhuO2MO6Fu6nqMWuElzU70S9BPjOkLAbS3FfFWMoo/s3507/Transportation%20and%20Technology%20-%20Clermont%20steaming%20to%20Albany.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2228" data-original-width="3507" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiclsRAJlzy4JK9nNFZFmcr_sipWSb9whOgbv2IxNFnOQhZjUpea3pYdvrM-F4Lh0xdqywWY1HRB6cddQgPiuJqerUEqVEZz8a2uuLOFycsI9VsGaPe5JZQciHfLOOPyVj9i5oPMCy0xQYav5_ZBllhuO2MO6Fu6nqMWuElzU70S9BPjOkLAbS3FfFWMoo/w571-h362/Transportation%20and%20Technology%20-%20Clermont%20steaming%20to%20Albany.jpg" width="571" /></a></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">The following selection is from Charles
Coffin.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One
of the boys who used to visit William Henry’s shop and see him make guns was
Robert Fulton, who was born in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, near Lancaster,
and who used to set water-wheels whirling in the pasture brooks. He saw the
model of the little steamboat which Mr. Henry constructed. He met Thomas Paine
at Mr. Henry’s, and many other prominent men, and saw upon the walls of Mr.
Henry’s parlor pictures painted by Benjamin West, whom Mr. Henry had
befriended, who had traveled in Europe, and had become a famous painter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While
looking at the pictures Robert Fulton forgot his mill-wheels, and resolved to
become an artist. He went to England, and studied painting under Mr. West’s
instruction. He saw the steam-engines constructed by Watt and Boulton, and all
his love for machinery came back to him. He gave up painting and became an
engineer, went to Paris, and made experiment with torpedoes for blowing up
warships. He built a steamboat sixty-six feet long, launched it on the Seine;
but the bottom dropped out, and the engine went to the bottom of the river.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fulton
returned to the United States. The grand idea had taken possession of him that
steam could be used in navigation. Robert Livingston, Chancellor of New York,
believed that it could be done. He lived at Clermont, on the Hudson. Together
they built a boat 133 feet long, 18 wide, and 9 feet deep, and named it the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Clermont</i>. People laughed at them;
predicted its failure. When all was ready they invited their friends on board.
Fulton let on the steam, but the boat did not move.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“I
told you it would not work,” said one of the party.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Wait,”
said Fulton.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He
fixed the machinery, and the boat moved away from the shore, and up the Hudson.
The country people knew not what to make of it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The
devil is on his way up-river with a sawmill in a boat!” shouted a Dutchman to
his wife.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
thirty-two hours the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Clermont</i> was at
Albany, a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, and returned to New York in
thirty hours.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
was what the New York <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Evening Post</i>
said, October 2, 1807: “Mr. Fulton’s new-invented <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">steamboat</i>, which is fitted up in a neat style for passengers, and
is intended to run from New York to Albany as a packet, left here this morning,
with ninety passengers, against a strong head-wind. Notwithstanding which, it
was judged she moved at the rate of six miles an hour.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fulton
had succeeded where John Fitch, James Rumsey, and Samuel Morey had failed. It
was the beginning of a new era in navigation. (72/140-141)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Excerpts from <i>Makers of the Nation</i>, Fanny E. Coe, 1914:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From a mere child, Fulton had
shown himself the born inventor. He loved to spend hours in the ships and at
the forges watching the men at work. One day he came to school very late.
“Where have you been?” asked the master. “I have been making myself a lead
pencil. It is the best I have ever had.” And Robert handed his teacher a pencil
which he had hammered out of sheet metal. It was indeed an excellent pencil;
the lad had not overestimated it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Robert used to go fishing with a
chum a few years older than himself. The boys used a flat-bottomed boat which
they moved with long poles. This labor was very fatiguing. Robert invented
paddle wheels which, when attached to the boat, made it move very easily. After
this, the fishing trips were all play and no work.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Robert Fulton was very skillful
in drawing and painting. He was in doubt as to which he should be, a portrait
painter or an inventor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When he was twenty-one, Fulton
went to England. There he sought out the well-known American painter, Benjamin
West. He studied painting under West, but he also turned his attention to
inventions. He made some important devices that have to do with canals, and he
also invented the torpedo and the torpedo boat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Skipping
ahead, we pick up with the launch of the <i>Clermont</i>:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We will let Fulton
himself tell of their departure. “The moment arrived in which the word was to
be given for the boat to move. My friends were in groups on the deck. There was
anxiety mixed with fear among them. They were silent, sad, and wary. I read in
their looks nothing but disaster, and almost repented of my efforts. The signal
was given, and the boat moved on a short distance and then stopped and became
immovable. To the silence of the preceding moment, now succeeded murmurs of
discontent, and agitations, and whispers, and shrugs. I could hear distinctly
repeated: “I told you it was so; it is a foolish scheme; I wish we were out of
it.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“I elevated myself upon a
platform and addressed the assembly. I stated that I knew not what was the
matter, but if they would be quiet and indulge me for half an hour, I would
either go on or abandon the voyage for that time. This short respite was conceded
without objection. I went below and examined the machinery, and discovered that
the cause was a slight maladjustment of some of the works. In a short time it
was obviated. The boat was soon put in motion. She continued to move on. All
were still incredulous. None seemed willing to trust the evidence of their own
senses.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Clermont</i> pushed on steadily mile after mile upstream, the guests
grew happier and more confident. The fresh air, the wonderful scenery, the
delightfully rapid motion made the day one never to be forgotten…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[Soon
the passengers broke into song.]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The boatmen in their little
craft upon the river and the farmers on the shore were filled with amazement as
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Clermont </i>passed. She burned very
soft wood, so that much smoke and flame poured from her smokestack. When some
of the sailors and boatmen saw “this queer-looking sail-less thing” gaining
upon them in spite of contrary wind and tide, they actually abandoned their vessels
and took to the woods in fright.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The speed of the little vessel
quite satisfied Fulton and Livingston. Here is Fulton’s report on the first
trip:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“My steamboat voyage to Albany
and back has turned out rather more favorably than I had calculated. The
distance from New York to Albany is one hundred and fifty miles. I ran it up in
thirty-two hours, and down in thirty. I had a light breeze against me all the
way, both going and coming, and the voyage has been performed wholly by the
power of the steam engine. I overtook many sloops and schooners, beating to the
windward, and parted with them as if they had been at anchor. The power of
propelling boats by steam is now fully proved.” Thus the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Clermont </i>won the New York monopoly for the partners.<o:p></o:p></span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-26690329123333976002024-02-11T23:23:00.006-05:002024-02-11T23:23:52.885-05:001808<p style="text-align: center;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQDgkfr2LYo6V4WN7X-tUjaoFeiW5OpK1kbkR5mqJFuHy86G-Hs6GhlPB2g2hjqGakdsFGBROQ9kHFg7RmgEBGT3kLxfo9OOdcp1eR8mUI5Jlnbdw2JsQc1R1H32plsLj0w-wj0h7ARwOVQZ19fS6KJd-RWj6zwv0-8mEZZzv7QDBxfohKIflNVd9Woww/s2048/Tubman%20coin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQDgkfr2LYo6V4WN7X-tUjaoFeiW5OpK1kbkR5mqJFuHy86G-Hs6GhlPB2g2hjqGakdsFGBROQ9kHFg7RmgEBGT3kLxfo9OOdcp1eR8mUI5Jlnbdw2JsQc1R1H32plsLj0w-wj0h7ARwOVQZ19fS6KJd-RWj6zwv0-8mEZZzv7QDBxfohKIflNVd9Woww/w498-h374/Tubman%20coin.jpg" width="498" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Coin found at site of Tubman's family's cabin.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THE FOLLOWING comes from </span><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/southbound-underground-railroad-brought-thousands-enslaved-americans-mexico-180980328/"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">an
article</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> in <i>Smithsonian</i> magazine, about slaves escaping into
Spanish territory:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rescuing
some children – not others.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In January 1808 a Black man
recorded as “Rechar,” presumably Richard, arrived at Trinidad de Salcedo, a
small Spanish outpost near present-day Madisonville, Texas. He told his story
to the authorities. His family had been split up by enslavers and scattered all
over southern Louisiana. Having made his own escape from a plantation in
Opelousas, he managed to find and rescue his wife and three of their seven
children. He tried, and failed, to rescue the other four, then led his reduced
family across more than 100 miles of swampy wilderness and crossed the Sabine
River into freedom. (Their fate in Spanish territory is unknown.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Even though slavery existed in
New Spain, American runaways were usually granted asylum by the Spanish
authorities, because the American form of slavery was regarded as far more
brutal and dehumanizing. In New Spain, for example, slaves were subjects of the
Spanish crown, not property, and it was illegal to separate husbands and wives
or to impose excessive punishments. Rechar declared that “the harshness of
American laws” as well as keeping his family together were the reasons for his
escape.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THE PARENTS of Harriet Tubman,
Ben Ross and Harriet Green, are married; but the location of their cabin, on
Maryland’s Eastern Shore, remains unknown for two hundred years. Harriet is
known to have lived there between the ages of 17 and 22, or from 1839 to 1844. Historians
were excited to </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/arts/harriet-tubman-cabin.html"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">find
evidence</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> narrowing down the site in 2021. That included ceramic
shards and a coin from 1808.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We do know that Ben Ross was granted ten acres of land, five years
after his master, Anthony Thompson, died in 1836.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tubman’s father cut and sold timber to make money and was himself
a conductor on the Underground Railroad. Harriet came to know some of the black
mariners who hauled the timber to Baltimore. They taught her how to read the
stars and where safe places might be found and dangerous spots avoided.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The story in <i>The</i> <i>New York Times</i> indicates that
Harriet would later make thirteen separate trips South and rescue at least 70
enslaved individuals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-70215270719739245062024-02-11T18:41:00.002-05:002024-02-11T18:41:25.076-05:001809<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES is born. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In <i>History of American Literature</i>, Reuben Post Halleck
notes that Holmes “was reared in a cultured atmosphere. In middle age Holmes
wrote, ‘I like books – I was born and bred among them, and have the easy
feeling, when I get into their presence, that a stable boy has among horses.’”
(30/258)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTx2J_5MNsxSx5l_XBtLm78xE2phtMLjdgadrZTIWehMDbqFPBji_cHnaJx6zQ9-VlRw5awf8Ydt00cgy3zdCRZ9vBAxl1YBR8TCbIrjmxjngs56scb6bJzG3JVj9fXKl8O2DVgru7ovmo3sMoKvbJLpYS-4KK92qBptjDYXZmMGkatml-bUvs_WW2lhE/s2907/Colonial%20-%20Dutch%20burger,%201934.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2907" data-original-width="2155" height="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTx2J_5MNsxSx5l_XBtLm78xE2phtMLjdgadrZTIWehMDbqFPBji_cHnaJx6zQ9-VlRw5awf8Ydt00cgy3zdCRZ9vBAxl1YBR8TCbIrjmxjngs56scb6bJzG3JVj9fXKl8O2DVgru7ovmo3sMoKvbJLpYS-4KK92qBptjDYXZmMGkatml-bUvs_WW2lhE/w411-h555/Colonial%20-%20Dutch%20burger,%201934.jpg" width="411" /></a></div><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">WASHINGTON IRVING is engaged to
Matilda Hoffman, 18, who dies. He lives another fifty years but never marries.
Halleck notes that he carried her <i>Bible</i> with him whenever he traveled. (30/115)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">December 28</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: The
New York <i>Evening Post</i> announces that a work has been found by Mr.
Diedrich Knickerbocker. In one scene, we meet Wouter
Van Twiller, Governor of New Amsterdam:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The person of this illustrious
old gentleman was formed and proportioned as though it had been moulded by the
hands of some cunning Dutch statuary, as a model of majesty and lordly
grandeur. He was exactly five feet six inches in height, and six feet five
inches in circumference. His head was a perfect sphere....<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">His habits were as regular as
his person. He daily took his four stated meals, appropriating exactly an hour
to each; he smoked and doubted eight hours, and he slept the remaining twelve
of the four-and-twenty. (118)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Irving traveled to Britain in 1815, where his mother was
born. He wrote <i>The Sketch Book</i> there, and did not return to this country
for seventeen years. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NOTE TO TEACHERS: My
students were sometimes interested in how sports teams got nicknames – such as
the New York Knicks, the Boston Celtics, and the Denver Nuggets. Boston had
that Irish influx in the 1840s and 50s, and Denver had a gold rush in 1859. Also:
the Philadelphia 76ers, Detroit Pistons, Dallas Mavericks, San Antonio Spurs, and
Portland Trail Blazers have names with historical implications, to name just
NBA franchises.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-12898351342907993102024-02-11T18:25:00.006-05:002024-02-11T18:25:42.159-05:001810<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THE BOARD OF SELECTMEN in Boston
prohibits balls as “uncongenial to the habits and manners of the citizens of
this place.” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Boston’s Immigrants, p. 23.) <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-KbG488xEnZZZxthYv4EyndNheB7k9I5zZ4zN8RR0y-r_DCXJWtR6lWBVdB6UBspEHifghK8SruJMaOwYMiSfLGz6UR1TPJJkjlrYqEEGJYEJEvmlP28kb8L0LFxrfDO0LRXEMuhux_vSH8R-vzuDRtAVExIq_wjsBw0H_Ez79bbPLx7Mn9nqArmr8rU/s3300/20s%20Flapper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3300" data-original-width="2550" height="538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-KbG488xEnZZZxthYv4EyndNheB7k9I5zZ4zN8RR0y-r_DCXJWtR6lWBVdB6UBspEHifghK8SruJMaOwYMiSfLGz6UR1TPJJkjlrYqEEGJYEJEvmlP28kb8L0LFxrfDO0LRXEMuhux_vSH8R-vzuDRtAVExIq_wjsBw0H_Ez79bbPLx7Mn9nqArmr8rU/w415-h538/20s%20Flapper.jpg" width="415" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">History is full of examples, </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">where people warn that dancing leads to sin and immorality.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Above: The "Charleston."</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><br /><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-7057823902552948292024-02-11T18:16:00.006-05:002024-02-11T18:17:29.697-05:001811<p><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BUILT
in Pittsburgh, the steamboat <i>New Orleans</i> begins operations on the
Mississippi River.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI2UA2RVZZjrezhAbH5b-cmiF0qIn0Wpk-MX_Ea7caOQ1JGbyLOMAzUbKtepNXz_tBC-6cr3w46Je6rnQEHEisOKCiKivUXtJpNNYrFXhj23umBbI9ctk7MEKuL171cD0GR5zorFKsE6EVRJSvvrk0w0Fvd22W_s-blw9m499HgDjpdEeKxdV2qUtOx3Q/s3648/History%20of%20Indiana%20-%20Tecumseh's%20brother%20-%20The%20Prophet.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3648" data-original-width="3008" height="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI2UA2RVZZjrezhAbH5b-cmiF0qIn0Wpk-MX_Ea7caOQ1JGbyLOMAzUbKtepNXz_tBC-6cr3w46Je6rnQEHEisOKCiKivUXtJpNNYrFXhj23umBbI9ctk7MEKuL171cD0GR5zorFKsE6EVRJSvvrk0w0Fvd22W_s-blw9m499HgDjpdEeKxdV2qUtOx3Q/w427-h518/History%20of%20Indiana%20-%20Tecumseh's%20brother%20-%20The%20Prophet.jpg" width="427" /></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Battle of Tippecanoe.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">November
7</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: It is four o’clock in the morning…</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stephen
Mars, one of General Harrison’s sentinels, sees something in the grass. Crack! goes
his rifle, and an Indian leaps into the air. Then comes the war-whoop, a
flashing of guns, and a rush upon the camp. In an instant General Harrison is
in his saddle. At the north-west corner of the camp Captain Joe Davis falls
mortally wounded. At the south-west corner Captain Spencer is killed, and
Lieutenant Warrick mortally wounded. The Indians are attacking on all sides.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Hold
your ground, we will beat them!” shouts General Harrison.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Charge!”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
soldiers rushed upon the Indians with a yell, driving them from their
hiding-places, chasing them like deer through the woods. General Harrison
pushed on to the Prophet’s Town; but not an Indian was to be seen – all had
fled. In a few minutes the flames licked up every hut and wigwam, and all the
corn which had been stored for the winter. It was a defeat from which the
Indians never recovered.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With fighting raging,
The </span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Prophet,
Tecumseh’s brother, watched,</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">at a safe distance from
danger, singing a war-song and performing some protracted religious mummeries.
When he was told that his followers were falling before the bullets of the
white men, he said, “Fight on; it will soon be as I told you.” When at last the
warriors of many tribes – Shawnees, Wyandots, Kickapoos, Ottawas, Chippewas,
Pottawatomies, Winnebagoes, Sacs and a few Miamis – fugitives from the
battlefield – lost their faith and covered The Prophet with reproaches, he
cunningly devised a lying excuse for his failure. He told them that his
predictions had failed of fulfillment because, during his incantations, his
wife touched the sacred vessels and broke the charm! His followers, though
superstitious in the extreme, would not accept his explanation and they
deserted him in such large numbers that he was compelled to take refuge with a
small band of Wyandots, his town having been set on fire. The foe scattered in
all directions, and hid themselves where the white man could not easily follow.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">(These two selections, above, come from Andrews or McLaughlin. I failed to note the source and often get rid of books after I copy parts I want.)</span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.3in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">NOTE TO TEACHERS: Tecumseh’s brother was probably jealous of his
importance and fame. He told his followers that he could make the settlers’
bullets harmless. It has been said he bragged about himself and his deeds – and
earned the nickname, “The Noise Maker.”</span></i><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It helped keep my students interested to point out that people never
change.</span></i></p></div>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-4425628524323892342024-01-30T23:36:00.004-05:002024-01-30T23:36:33.719-05:001812<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NOTE TO TEACHERS: I don’t know if teachers even cover the War of
1812. I did it quickly, but had success with one opening example. It was one I came
across in an otherwise boring book by Marshall Smelser. He noted that France
and England were both powerful, but in different ways – and could not come to
grips with each other and win decisive victory. I would ask my students, “Okay,
England was powerful at sea? They would be like a __.”</span></i><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Students
would offer various guesses – “whale,” being most common, “barracuda,” etc.
Smelser preferred: “Shark.” A man-eater.</span></i><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Next,
“France was powerful on land. They would be like a __.”</span></i><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guesses
here were more varied: “lion,” grizzly,” etc. Smelser used the tiger as
example. Another hunter of men.</span></i><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Next,
you told the class the U.S. was weak on both land and sea. “We would be the
__.”</span></i><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
answer Smelser used was the “terrapin,” an edible turtle.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgulgADhqf7Ufg52Zif3fzg6qC6Qvp6M5n1fHo8qiOYIPIvxF-Bwb3b3BgXBfGEYsPDRyEPe-8y2pC3Q7rBWLcA4BYhPbV3hIPaFabEFNBrAMlkbTGS_405EtQ8s4lWGnVTgszse8J2X3c2kRQc0sspQ4UmLyYr3PkmXyW1vaKn2nrKk33d6pWEMl8x87Q/s2874/War%20of%201812%20-%20relative%20size%20of%20American%20and%20English%20fleets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2874" data-original-width="2699" height="515" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgulgADhqf7Ufg52Zif3fzg6qC6Qvp6M5n1fHo8qiOYIPIvxF-Bwb3b3BgXBfGEYsPDRyEPe-8y2pC3Q7rBWLcA4BYhPbV3hIPaFabEFNBrAMlkbTGS_405EtQ8s4lWGnVTgszse8J2X3c2kRQc0sspQ4UmLyYr3PkmXyW1vaKn2nrKk33d6pWEMl8x87Q/w485-h515/War%20of%201812%20-%20relative%20size%20of%20American%20and%20English%20fleets.jpg" width="485" /></a></i></div><i><br /><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hendrik Van Loon,
writing in 1927, explained that the two powers, France and England, solved
their dilemma “after the old and trusted habit of all big nations, by
sacrificing the rights of the small ones.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NOTE TO TEACHERS: I sometimes threw in a quote from Thucydides: “In
fact, the strong do what they have the power to do, and the weak accept what
they must.” I tried to make it clear to my classes that the behavior of nations
changes little over time.</span></i><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Van
Loon has his own take on the subject, writing, “Let me remind you here that in
the code of international relations there is no such word as affection.” (124/381)</span></i><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We
always had a good discussion in my class based on the question, “What do
nations want most?”</span></i><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My
answer was “power,” which got you everything else. Students can give you a
lengthy list of what nations want, in the process.</span></i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">AS THE U.S. drifted toward war, Democratic-Republicans
in Congress finally accepted a bill to authorize 50,000 additional volunteers –
but refused to expand the size of the navy. In almost every public statement,
by Monroe, Madison, and others, “the theme of national honor was reiterated
again and again as the most compelling motive for a declaration of war.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Unfortunately, the British ambassador was
listening to Federalists, who claimed the U.S. had no intention of fighting,
and that such talk was only political, meant to ensure Madison won reelection
in 1812. </span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">March 9</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: A variety of issues complicated the situation. First, a series of
letters by John Henry, revealed that he had been sent by the Governor General
of Canada to encourage Federalist leaders in New England, should they choose to
break away from the U.S. Unhappy with his treatment at the hands of the British
government, Henry, an Irishman, agreed to sell the letters to the U.S. for
$50,000.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">President Madison revealed them in a
message to Congress.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">France then caused fresh trouble, burning
two American ships bound for Spain with food for Wellington’s army. Calling in
the French ambassador for a dressing down, James Monroe’s opening words were,</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Well, Sir,
it is then decided that we are going to receive nothing but outrages from
France! And at what a moment too! At this very instant when we are going to war
with our enemies. Remember where we were two days ago. You know what warlike
measures have been taken for three months past. … We have made use of Henry’s
documents as a last means of exciting the nation and Congress. … Within a week
we are going to propose an embargo, and the declaration of war… to be the
immediate consequences of it.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0.3in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-right: .3in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">April 7</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: In an editorial in the <i>National Intelligencer</i>, it was
hinted that the U.S. might go to war with Britain – and France. A week later,
another unsigned editorial, penned by Monroe, called for an “open and manly”
fight, to uphold the honor of the nation. “Let war therefore be proclaimed
forthwith with England.”</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">June 1</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: President Madison asks for a declaration of war. The House
approves on a 79-49 vote.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Federalists in Congress put forth an
amendment, calling for the war to be limited to naval operations. When that
fails, they called for a modification, to include possible measures against
France. One amendment failed – on a tie vote. The British ambassador hit on the
idea of getting Sen. Richard Brent of Virginia, “famed for his affection for
the bottle,” as Ammon put it, so drunk that he could not appear again to vote. </span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">June 17</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: The Senate votes for war, 19-13. (24/280, 299, 302-305, 310)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NOTE TO TEACHERS: By comparison, the vote for war in 1941 was 82-0
in the Senate, and 388-1 in the House.</span></i><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which gave President Lyndon B. Johnson, authority
to take military action in Vietnam passed the House 416-0, and the Senate 88-2.</span></i><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The resolution passed in 2002, to allow President George W. Bush to strike
Iraq, passed, but in divided fashion: 296-133 in the House, 77-23 in the
Senate.</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The ships were pine-board boxes.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SEVENTY
YEARS after the War of 1812 began, Charles Coffin wrote:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
United States had been a nation just twenty-five years…In sentiment the United
States were not a nation. The people of the several States had no particular
love for the Union; they had done nothing for it, and had little comprehension
of what it had done or could do for them. (72/148)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
United States had twenty vessels – the largest carrying forty-four guns. Great
Britain had one thousand and sixty vessels in her navy, some of them carrying
one hundred and twenty guns. The newspapers of London ridiculed the navy of the
United States, and said that the ships were pine-board boxes, while the British
vessels were built of English oak. (72/159)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">One glaring issue remained the impressment
of American sailors, who were often dragged off ships, labeled “British,” and
forced to serve in Great Britain’s fleets. </span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Meanwhile, American shipping
interests had been badly damaged over the years, with many vessels captured.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> “England had taken nine hundred and
seventeen, and France five hundred and fifty-eight. The loss to Americans was reckoned
at $70,000,000.” (72/146-147)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">“All this was done under pretense of
right,” said another historian, “but the Americans felt it was the right of the
highway robber.” (</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">56/248) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“You have tempted him to eat of the tree of
knowledge.”</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coffin also remarks on
the reluctance of John Randolph of Roanoke to see Canada invaded and perhaps
invite retribution from Britain – including efforts to invade the slave states
and stir up racial war.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warned Randolph:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The
negroes are rapidly gaining notions of freedom, destructive alike to their own
happiness and the safety and interests of their masters. The night-bell never
tolls for fire in Richmond that the frightened mother does not hug her infant
more closely to her bosom, not knowing what may have happened.” (72/148)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When
this blogger goes searching for another source, he finds this, from Benson J.
Lossing, </span><a href="https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~wcarr1/history/Lossing2/Chap11.html"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">writing</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in the <i>Pictorial Field-Book of the
War of 1812</i>, Chapter XI:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">[Randolph] said the negroes were rapidly gaining
notions of freedom, destructive alike to their own happiness and the safety and
interests of their masters. He denounced as a “butcher” a member of Congress
who had proposed the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. He said
men had broached on that very floor the doctrine of imprescriptible rights to a
crowded audience of blacks in the galleries, teaching them that they were equal
to their masters. “Similar doctrines,” he said, “are spread throughout the
South by Yankee peddlers; and there are even owners of slaves so infatuated as,
by the general tenor of their conversation, by contempt of order, morality,
religion, unthinkingly to cherish these seeds of destruction. And what has been
the consequence? Within the last ten years repeated alarms of slave
insurrections, some of them awful indeed. By the spreading of this infernal
doctrine the whole South has been thrown into a state of insecurity. . . . .
You have deprived the slave of all moral restraint,” he continued, addressing
the Democratic members; “you have tempted him to eat of the tree of knowledge
just enough to perfect him in wickedness; you have opened his eyes to his nakedness.
God forbid that the Southern States should ever see an enemy on these shores
with their infernal principles of French fraternity in the van! While talking
of Canada, we have too much reason to shudder for our own safety at home. I
speak from facts when I say that the night-bell never tolls for fire in
Richmond that the frightened mother does not hug her infant the more closely to
her bosom, not knowing what may have happened. I have myself witnessed some of
these alarms in the capital of Virginia.”</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NOTE TO TEACHERS: I retired before I ever saw this passage. If I was
still working hard in the classroom (do we ever not work hard, if we care about
our business?) I think I could adapt this slightly and use it with students.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The right of the United States would
be supported by the sword.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">February
7</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: No doubt, Tecumseh understood the
power dynamics of his time. In <i>A Popular History of Indiana</i>, we read
that he and Gov. William Henry Harrison had discussions about treaties, but
they bore no fruit.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mrs. Hendricks writes,</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After
this many talks were held, but no agreement was reached, and Governor Harrison finally
said that “the right of the United States would be supported by the sword,” if
need be. “So be it,” was the stern and haughty reply of the Shawnee chieftain,
and soon afterward he drifted down the rivers in his birch-bark canoe to visit
the tribes in the southwest and to persuade them to join in the great uprising.
He told them that when the proper time came he would stamp his foot and the
whole continent would tremble. It so happened that soon after his return to the
north there was a dreadful earthquake. (91/91-92)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The New Madrid
earthquake, as it is known, is actually a series of shocks, the first on
December 11, in 1811, the second on January 23, 1812, and an even more powerful
quake on </span><a href="http://www.new-madrid.mo.us/132/Strange-Happenings-during-the-Earthquake"><span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">February 7</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Estimates vary, with the three quakes
possibly measuring magnitude 8.1, 7.8 and then 8.8 on the Richter scale. It is
said that President James Madison and his wife, Dolly, felt the tremors as far
away as Washington D.C.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans";">After the February 7 earthquake, boatmen reported
that the Mississippi actually ran backwards for several hours. The force of the
land upheaval 15 miles south of New Madrid created Reelfoot Lake, drowned the
inhabitants of an Indian village; turned the river against itself to flow
backwards; devastated thousands of acres of virgin forest; and created two
temporary waterfalls in the Mississippi. Boatmen on flatboats actually survived
this experience and lived to tell the tale.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Time-Life</span></i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> has some good details, related to the
coming war. “The devil himself,” wrote one congressman, “ could not tell which
government, England or France, is the most wicked.” When John Randolph begged
lawmakers not to side with a tyrant, Napoleon, feeling against him ran hot.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The town of Randolph,
Georgia changed its name to “Jasper.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The American navy,
small as it might be, was, “ship for ship, as good as any in the world – a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fact the Americans themselves were the last
to realize.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">July
18-20</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: The <i>U.S.S.
Constitution</i> had to evade an entire British squadron in a chase that lasted
for three days, to get out of Boston harbor and put to sea. Built in 1797, Paul
Revere copper-plated her hull six years later. Her towering masts “could carry
almost an acre of white canvas.” (Failed to note source.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coffin (I believe)
describes the chase:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Off
Nantucket one dawn, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution </i>came
upon a fleet of eleven enemy ships. There was no breeze to speak of and Captain
Isaac Hull had to act quickly. The water was only twenty fathoms. So he ran out
the kedge anchor and a small boat carried it half a mile and dropped to the
bottom of the sea “and then the sailors on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution</i> go round the windlass upon the run.” A breeze came up
briefly and died “and now all through the day, through the night, the race goes
on – the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shannon</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerriere</i> pulling with all their might.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
master-mechanic, when he laid the keel of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution</i>; the wood-choppers of Allentown, on the banks of the
Merrimac, in New Hampshire, where they felled the giant oaks; the carpenters
who hewed the timbers, little thought how glorious would be the history of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution</i>. This was its beginning – a
race with eleven vessels trying to catch her – a hare with the hounds upon her
track. Brave men stand upon her deck. Every pulse beats high. The shot from the
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shannon</i> do not reach them. They are
holding their own. Three cheers ring out as they whirl the windlass and pull at
the oars. All day, all night, till four o’clock in the afternoon of the second
day, the race goes on, when the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shannon</i>,
instead of being within cannon-shot, is four miles astern…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dark clouds in the
west hint at a storm; the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution</i>
raises all sails, and “under a great white cloud of canvas, sweeps away, and
the hounds give up the chase.” (72/160)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">August 16</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: General
William Hull, with 2,500 men, decides to surrender Detroit to a
British/Canadian/Native American force roughly half that size.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Writing decades later, Lossing placed the blame for this
sorry affair on President Madison and his Secretary of War. “The blundering
administration – blundering in ignorance – made [Hull] a scapegoat to bear away
the sins of others – a conductor to avert from their own heads the lightning of
the people’s wrath.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Congress now set aside money for
a buildup of the army to 25,000 regular troops. A million dollars was
appropriated for purchase of arms, ammunition and stores for the army, another
$400,000 for powder, cannon and small arms for the navy. Including volunteers,
the U. S. would soon have 70,000 men under arms. </span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJjCCO55cy9ivli0xqt897DlEJK_yp0aeMHK_kE49JSMcwyV2YtEz6ggahEfn9_5rdI1wkjGN8KXlm2kGxXiQxP1nBd1FT7pFCA1qoendx8vfOmC-09xmI80WeVTA83jtEOiKEzHGrStq0P82VlEb8X3n5MQkX-8_7HpaN0kigiZvasucLe-XoA_-AR74/s7737/War%20of%201812%20-%20Hull%20surrenders%20Detroit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="7737" data-original-width="5637" height="659" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJjCCO55cy9ivli0xqt897DlEJK_yp0aeMHK_kE49JSMcwyV2YtEz6ggahEfn9_5rdI1wkjGN8KXlm2kGxXiQxP1nBd1FT7pFCA1qoendx8vfOmC-09xmI80WeVTA83jtEOiKEzHGrStq0P82VlEb8X3n5MQkX-8_7HpaN0kigiZvasucLe-XoA_-AR74/w480-h659/War%20of%201812%20-%20Hull%20surrenders%20Detroit.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">General Hull surrender's his sword.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.3in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Old Ironsides” teaches the British a
lesson.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">August 19</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">: Commodore Isaac Hull [no relation
to Gen. William Hull] briefly described the famous battle between the </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">U.S.S.</span></i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Constitution</span></i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, later nicknamed “Old Ironsides,” and
<i>H.M.S. </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerriere</i>: “In less
than thirty minutes from the time we got alongside of the [<i>Guerriere</i>] she
was left without a spar standing, and the hull cut to pieces in such a manner
as to make it difficult to keep her above water.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">According to Henry Adams, this single
victory at sea “raised the United States in one half hour to the rank of a
first-class power.” (56/284)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5jqt2CyDjAGKtbhu948JoSRFgFV4Ch-4gwgBWqkv9ZpVXOYuSG1gObqnk2AJQ-ubKanNs-mw5OGz4tJgnfyPf45HAE9_1pU0yafMnxIKdjpwvYJ2OqJliAQ5wz5NPbnJtE3SqANJC6W7WvnP0RwpkEcd_qboXKKYsfbnB3LIaJ43POPidY4_kjFVjklw/s3149/War%20of%201812--Constitution%20vs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2356" data-original-width="3149" height="423" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5jqt2CyDjAGKtbhu948JoSRFgFV4Ch-4gwgBWqkv9ZpVXOYuSG1gObqnk2AJQ-ubKanNs-mw5OGz4tJgnfyPf45HAE9_1pU0yafMnxIKdjpwvYJ2OqJliAQ5wz5NPbnJtE3SqANJC6W7WvnP0RwpkEcd_qboXKKYsfbnB3LIaJ43POPidY4_kjFVjklw/w566-h423/War%20of%201812--Constitution%20vs.jpg" width="566" /></a></div><br /><p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">THE
HISTORIAN Coffin tells the same story, in greater detail. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Hull and Captain James Dacres had known each
other before the war. Coffin says they made the bet of a hat, over who would
win if war came, and their ships met. Off Newfoundland, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution</i> spotted <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerriere</i>. When the vessels closed the
distance, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerriere</i> opened fire
first, her shots falling short. Closer the British came, firing again. Hull
ordered his guns double-shotted, with 32-pound balls and charges of grape.
“Another broadside crashes into the timbers of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution</i>,” Coffin explains.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
sailors are impatient. It is hard to stand silent and motionless by the
double-shotted cannon, with the splinters flying, the balls tearing everything
to pieces around them, and not to be allowed to fire. Captain Hull stands upon
the quarter-deck, calmly waiting till every gun will bear. It is the fashion of
the times to wear tight pantaloons, and his are very tight.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finally, Hull shouts
for his gun crews to blast the British.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
the energy and excitement of the moment the captain bends low, and the
tight-fitting pantaloons split from waistband to knee. “Hull her! Hull her!”
Lieutenant Morris shouts it; and the sailors – comprehending the play on words,
that they are to do to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerriere</i>
what their captain has done to his pantaloons – spring to their work with a
hurrah! Keeping up a continual roar of thunder from the double-shotted guns<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Twenty
minutes, and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerriere</i> is a
helpless wreck – every mast gone, gaping rents in her sides, her cannon silent.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When an American
officer went aboard, he assured Captain Dacres he could keep his sword, but he
would like to trouble him for his hat.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerriere</i> was filling with water, and
was such a wreck that Captain Hull, after tenderly caring for the wounded and
removing the men, set her on fire. When the fire reached the magazine a great
wave of flame shot into the air, lifting remains of masts, spars, cannon,
anchors, ropes, and chains, which rained down into the sea, and all that was
left of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerriere</i> disappeared
forever.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On August 30, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution</i> sailed into Boston.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What
commotion there was…The shopkeepers put up their shutters; the people thronging
from their houses down to the wharves; cannon thundering a salute; ladies
waving handkerchiefs from the windows; men and boys shouting themselves hoarse.
It was not only that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerriere</i>
had been annihilated, but England was no longer to have things all her own way
on the sea – no longer to claim undisputed ownership of the ocean. It was the
beginning of the vindication of right and justice for the people of the United
States and, through them, for the rest of mankind.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">October
13</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: An American attack into Canada, at
Queenstown, near Niagara Falls, failed when only 700 men crossed. The rest of
the troops refused to set foot on foreign soil. “This pattern was repeated over
and over again throughout the land battles on the northern frontier – at Stony
Creek, at Beaver Dams, at Chrysler’s Farm. There were men enough on the
American side, but they would not fight.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The troops heard
rumors that if they did cross into Canada they would become regulars and be
liable for five years’ service. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">October
18</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wasp</i>,
18 guns, falls in with seven British ships, six merchant vessels, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Frolic</i> of 20 guns.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
storm has made the seas rough; but the sky is now clear; and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Frolic</i> takes in sail, evidence she is
spoiling for a fight. Captain Jacob Jones, of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wasp</i>, notices the waves and reminds his men to fire when the ship
is going down into the trough, or else their shots will sail high. The two
ships tangle together after a few brutal minutes, most of the American fire
pummeling the enemy warship. The British crew of 108 numbers 92 killed and
wounded. Wasp has five killed, five wounded. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.3in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghEbQhV3C-2GN1i22V21-dPDrosnHT0ysup6id4Hys1CbZdRvyQvE1A6HDzMOH2RH2SNTMLIPLznBiLySyNzPpEIUwUFnt05yRyMLf_SQjR6eLkfCW3KZwlcolZwXXDxTKGMJ4dWuIP8Fy03WtSfUvQbK95_NapKCWb-84Kvnz8H9MBEV4pBiNWCj6DqA/s4869/Ridpath%20-%20War%20of%201812%20capture%20of%20the%20Frolic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3763" data-original-width="4869" height="417" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghEbQhV3C-2GN1i22V21-dPDrosnHT0ysup6id4Hys1CbZdRvyQvE1A6HDzMOH2RH2SNTMLIPLznBiLySyNzPpEIUwUFnt05yRyMLf_SQjR6eLkfCW3KZwlcolZwXXDxTKGMJ4dWuIP8Fy03WtSfUvQbK95_NapKCWb-84Kvnz8H9MBEV4pBiNWCj6DqA/w540-h417/Ridpath%20-%20War%20of%201812%20capture%20of%20the%20Frolic.jpg" width="540" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">October
25</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Next, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">United States</i>, 44 guns, fell in with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macedonian</i>, also 44 guns:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
battle began, and for half an hour there was such a cloud of smoke rolling up
from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">United States</i> that Captain
Carden, of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macedonian</i>, thought
she was on fire. During the time the mizzen-mast of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macedonian</i> falls, the main-yard is cut to pieces, the main and fore
top-masts tumble to the deck, the foremast is tottering, just ready to fall,
the bowsprit is splintered, and the rigging is cut into shreds. Suddenly the
cannon of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">United States</i> become
silent, and the British sailors seeing her sheer off, swing their hats and give
a cheer. They have beaten her, and she is trying to escape? Not quite. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
man who fought the Algerines is only wearing his ship to take a new position.
He comes astern of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macedonian</i>; in a
minute he will rake her from stem to stern. Captain Carden sees that he is
powerless, and the flag of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macedonian</i>
comes down, while cheer upon cheer rolls up from the <i>United States</i>. In
half an hour the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macedonian</i> has
become a wreck, while the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">United States</i>
has suffered very little. (72/161-170)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">December
29-30</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Off the coast of
Brazil, the British frigate <i>H.M.S.</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Java</i>,
38 guns, spots a sail. Aboard, she is carrying more than a hundred officers of
the East India Service, headed for Calcutta.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Laying like a log upon the water.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The battle begins well
for the British, at around 2:00 p.m. on the 30th. A shot from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Java</i> breaks the wheel of the <i>U.S.S.</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution</i> in pieces. Captain
Bainbridge rigs up a new system, pours fire into the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Java</i>, then steers away, fixes the wheel, returns, and lays
alongside <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Java</i>, “shooting away all
three of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Java’s</i> masts, dismounting
her guns, and making terrible slaughter, killing and wounding more than two
hundred, while on her own deck there were only nine killed and twenty-one
wounded.” (72/161-170)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Below, the captain gives a different
number for those wounded on his vessel.)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Captain Bainbridge
later </span><a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/uss-constitutions-battle-record0/uss-constitution-vs-hms-java-1812.html"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">describes the fight</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The following Minutes Were Taken during the Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 2.10 P.M. Commenced The Action within good grape and Canister
distance. The enemy to windward (but much farther than I wished).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 2.30 P.M. our wheel was shot entirely away<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 2.40: determined to close with the Enemy, notwithstanding her
rakeing, set the Fore sail & Luff’d up close to him.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 2.50: The Enemies Jib boom got foul of our Mizen Rigging<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 3: The Head of the enemies Bowsprit & Jib boom shot away
by us<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 3.5: Shot away the enemies foremast by the board<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 3.15: Shot away The enemies Main Top mast just above the Cap<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 3.40: Shot away Gafft and Spunker boom<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 3.55: Shot his mizen mast nearly by the board<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 4.5: Having silenced the fire of the enemy completely and his
colours in main Rigging being [down] Supposed he had Struck, Then hawl’d about
the Courses to shoot ahead to repair our rigging, which was extremely cut,
leaving the enemy a complete wreck, soon after discovered that The enemies flag
was still flying hove too to repair Some of our damages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 4.20: The Enemies Main Mast went by the board.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 4.50: [Wore] ship and stood for the Enemy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At 5:25: Got very close to the enemy in a very [effective]
rakeing position, athwart his bows & was at the very instance of rakeing
him, when he most prudently Struck his Flag.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Had The Enemy Suffered the broadside to have raked him previously
to strikeing, his additional loss must have been <i>extremely</i> great
laying like a log upon the water, perfectly unmanageable, I could have
continued rakeing him without being exposed to more than two of his Guns, (if
even Them)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After The Enemy had struck, wore Ship and reefed the Top Sails,
hoisted out one of the only two remaining boats we had left out of 8 & sent
Lieut [George] Parker 1st of the <i>Constitution</i> on board to take
possession of her, which was done about 6. P.M, The Action continued from the
commencement to the end of the Fire, 1 H 55 m our sails and Rigging were shot
very much, and some of our spars injured-had 9 men Killed and 26 wounded. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-42421196326010081072024-01-30T23:21:00.004-05:002024-01-30T23:21:16.943-05:001813<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">__________</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“We have met the enemy, and they are
ours. Two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">__________</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsSAimxmDmQ30NX7OgZFx8U9l-Vb_ajrz7u-zv786IBNLpTg6wpNMGelwhD28snvtFtkFgWqzxDaezXDltCuGcdiDR_4eoigRd18yCpWTlX7-kaplQU5ok0BvecKN_W4LAfrHnwtRftHhSicteihBCdsFcL6o71ejiDfWJHQfwlADKr1kGmLW2oPsKDd8/s4821/War%20of%201812%20-%20Perry%20at%20the%20Battle%20of%20Lake%20Erie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3592" data-original-width="4821" height="407" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsSAimxmDmQ30NX7OgZFx8U9l-Vb_ajrz7u-zv786IBNLpTg6wpNMGelwhD28snvtFtkFgWqzxDaezXDltCuGcdiDR_4eoigRd18yCpWTlX7-kaplQU5ok0BvecKN_W4LAfrHnwtRftHhSicteihBCdsFcL6o71ejiDfWJHQfwlADKr1kGmLW2oPsKDd8/w547-h407/War%20of%201812%20-%20Perry%20at%20the%20Battle%20of%20Lake%20Erie.jpg" width="547" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Perry at the Battle of Lake Erie.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">January 1</span></b><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: Congress decides to reduce the bounty
for enlistments in the U.S. Army from $40
to $16, which means most volunteers continue to prefer militia service. The
ability of the army to fight effectively is hampered throughout the war.</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Paul Hamilton, the Secretary of the Navy,
has to be replaced – being regularly reported to be drunk by noon – after he
appears, clearly intoxicated, at a public ceremony aboard the <i>USS</i> <i>Constitution</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">“Two
Virginians and a foreigner.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">January 5</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: Josiah Quincy, a Federalist, rises in
Congress to complain. He declares that it is “a curious fact…for these twelve
years past the whole affairs of this country have been managed, and its
fortunes reversed, under the influence of a cabinet little less than despotic,
composed to all efficient purposes, of two Virginians and a foreigner.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Meanwhile, General James Wilkerson is given
command of the Northern region – despite the fact that his second-in-command,
Wade Hampton, like most officers, considers him “a disgrace to the army.”
Monroe and Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. seemed, to other cabinet
members, to be engaged in a battle for the next party nomination as president,
and Armstrong let it be known he believed Madison had been incompetent during
the war emergency. (24/315, 318)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">January
21</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: The Battle of the River Raisin turns
into a debacle and then a massacre for U.S. forces.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eleven
hundred British and Indians under General Proctor crossed the river to
Frenchtown (now Monroe, Michigan). They had five cannon. Just before daybreak,
on January 21, 1813, a rifle shot signaled the attack. General Winchester and
the Americans were caught by surprise. Many of the Americans panicked and fled
across the River Raisin but were cut off by Indians – more than a hundred being
killed and scalped despite surrendering.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Two
regiments of American troops fought well, sheltered near a house and behind a
garden fence. Proctor had General Winchester, now a prisoner, stripped, as if
the Indians were preparing to torture him. Then he promised the American
commander that property and the lives of his men would be spared if he signed
an order to his own men, calling on them to lay down their weapons. The
Americans received this order under a white flag and obeyed it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then
the massacre began, the Indians tomahawking and scalping the wounded. Proctor
made no effort to stop it. He was so inhuman and treacherous that Tecumseh
looked down upon him with scorn. (72/172-173)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">February
24</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Off the coast of South America, the
brig <i>U.S.S.</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hornet</i>, eighteen
guns, takes on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">H.M.S. Peacock</i>, twenty
guns. In fifteen minutes fire from the American warship wrecks the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Peacock</i>,</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the
main-mast gone, rigging cut to pieces, and water pouring into her hold. Down
came her flag, and up went a signal of distress. The crew of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hornet</i> manned<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>their boats, and began to take the men from
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Peacock</i>; but suddenly she went
down, carrying thirteen of her own crew and three Americans. The American
sailors had defeated the British, and now divided their clothing with them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Humanity
and kindness of heart on the deck of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hornet</i>;
tomahawking and scalping on the banks of the river Raisin. The world noted the
difference. (72/172-173)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Noble Red Man.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whereas Gen. Proctor
was seen as a murderer by Americans, his ally, Tecumseh was often held up as an
example of the “noble red man” and we find this story in <i>A Popular History
of Indiana</i>:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Of
many anecdotes illustrating his nobility of character we shall give but one. After
one of the victories won by the British and Indians, the country having been
pillaged of almost everything by the invading armies, it transpired that an old
man who was lame had managed to conceal a pair of oxen, with which his son was
able to make a scanty living for the family. But one day while the man was at
labor with the oxen Tecumseh, meeting him in the road, said: “My friend, I must
have those oxen. My young men are very hungry; they have had nothing to eat. We
must have the oxen.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
son told the chief that if he took the oxen his father would starve to death.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Well,”
said Tecumseh, “we are the conquerors and everything we want is ours. I must
have the oxen. My people must not starve, but I will not be so mean as to rob
you of them. I will pay you $100 for them and that is far more than they are
worth.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tecumseh
got a white man to write an order on the British agent, Colonel Elliott. The
oxen were killed, large fires built and the forest warriors were soon feasting
on their flesh. But when the order was presented to Colonel Elliott he refused
to honor it. The young man sorrowfully returned to Tecumseh who said: “He won’t
pay it, will he? Stay all night and to-morrow we will go and see.” The next
morning the two went to the British agent, to whom Tecumseh said: “Do you
refuse to pay for the oxen I bought?”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Yes,”
said the colonel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“I
bought them,” said the chief, “for my young men were very hungry. I promised to
pay for them and they shall be paid for. I have always heard the white nations
went to war with each other and not with peaceful individuals; that they did
not rob and plunder poor people. I will not.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Well,”
said the colonel, “I will not pay for them.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“You
can do as you please,” said the chief; “but before Tecumseh and his warriors
came to fight the battles of the great king they had enough to eat, for which
they had only to thank the Master of Life and their good rifles. Their hunting
grounds supplied them with food enough; to them they can return.” The colonel knew
that the withdrawal of the Indian warriors from the British forces would be
disastrous, so he yielded to Tecumseh, saying: “Well, if I must pay, I will.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Give
me hard money,” said the chief, “not rag money.” Tecumseh handed the $100 in
coin to the young man and then demanded “one dollar more” from the colonel,
and, giving that also to the young man said: “Take that; it will pay for the
time you have lost in getting your money.” (91/97-99)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFZziI3nm9jkHlWslGyixk9NiUUrLuZ7TUZpJ1QVbe3aBNR-gUWK6yJ2PUFX5x3kqzoX7O-O5YSpADJniRSJKddanng4_-4YHpIYbK-8XwB43Ymi-4Vvnuz8jJ3paS9cTYFwbhxFiWvtUNjr8L1qzFyFc9IShEz-BIDhysVmEGb-5a5RaQgLHrYIz0B0M/s5921/History%20of%20Indiana%20-%20Tecumseh%20buys%20the%20cow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5921" data-original-width="5489" height="537" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFZziI3nm9jkHlWslGyixk9NiUUrLuZ7TUZpJ1QVbe3aBNR-gUWK6yJ2PUFX5x3kqzoX7O-O5YSpADJniRSJKddanng4_-4YHpIYbK-8XwB43Ymi-4Vvnuz8jJ3paS9cTYFwbhxFiWvtUNjr8L1qzFyFc9IShEz-BIDhysVmEGb-5a5RaQgLHrYIz0B0M/w498-h537/History%20of%20Indiana%20-%20Tecumseh%20buys%20the%20cow.jpg" width="498" /></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">April 27</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:
American forces cross over Lake Ontario to attack York (now Toronto). General Zebulon
Pike – famous for his deeds as an explorer – leads a force of 1,600. Outnumbered
British and Canadian forces surrender. But one defender laid a train of powder and
five hundred kegs to blow up the fort. The man charged with lighting the fuse
rushed his job.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The resulting
explosion sent “timbers, cannon, shot, and shells into the air. Forty British
and fifty-eight Americans were killed. One of the Americans was General Pike,
who was crushed by a falling timber, and after whom many counties and towns in
the Western States have been named.” (72/174) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">April-May</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (The siege of Fort Meigs): Proctor
soon marched on Fort Meigs, located on the Maumee River, with a force that
included 1,500 Indians. For five days his artillery pummeled the defenders.
General Harrison had his men dig deep; but he had only three big guns, and
limited ammunition. For that reason he promised a gill of rum for every ball
his men could find, and they dug them up whenever they plowed the ground, 2,000
in all.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harrison sent part of
his army across the river with instructions to march on the British guns, spike
them, and then immediately retreat. Defenders of Ft. Meigs saw their comrades
pull down the British flag, and the guns went silent. But the American
commander, Colonel Dudley, had not made it clear his troops were to fall back
at once. “In a few moments more than one thousand Indians were upon them, and
more than two-thirds of his force were captured, the Indians splitting open
their skulls.” General Proctor did nothing to stop the killing. According to
Coffin, Tecumseh (“Tecumtha,” he calls him),</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">…was too honorable to see men
slaughtered in cold blood who had surrendered.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Why don’t you stop the
killing?” he shouted to Proctor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“I cannot control your
warriors.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Go put on petticoats – you are
no general,” said Tecumtha.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eighty Americans were
killed in the debacle, 270 wounded, 470 captured. Proctor had lost 100; but
without his guns he had to give up the siege. (72/175-177)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">May
3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: At Havre de Grace, Maryland, British landing
parties burn 13 houses, 10 stables and two taverns. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">June</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: At Hampton, Virginia, enemy forces
landed, several women were raped, and an old man killed in his bed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">August
30</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: A force of 1,000 Creeks attacks Ft.
Mims, in Alabama, just as drums are beating for dinner.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to Coffin, two
slaves gave the commander of Fort Mims (he calls it Nims) warning that the
woods nearby were full of Indians. Major Beasley sent out scouts who returned
and said there were no warriors in sight.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“‘I’ll teach you to
lie,’ said Major Beasley, who tied up one of the negroes and had his back cut
to pieces with a whip.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Noon
came…The soldiers were at dinner; the gate of the fort was wide open – suddenly
the people heard the war-whoop and beheld the Indians rushing in. The other
negro, who had not been whipped but who was tied up to a post, was the first
shot. Major Beasley, who had refused to believe his story, went down. The fight
began, and lasted from twelve to five. When it was ended more than four hundred
men, women and children were lying upon the ground, mangled by the Indians.
Only twelve white men escaped. The Indians spared the negroes and made them
their slaves. The Indians made their way to Pensacola, the scalps of women and
girls dangling at their belts, and received their reward from the British
Government – five dollars given for every scalp! (72/208)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">September
10</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: At 11:30 a.m. two fleets, one
American, the other British, are in sight of each other on Lake Erie. Commodore
Oliver Perry sends a signal from his flagship <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i> to the rest of his American fleet, “Give the men their
dinner.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fifteen minutes later
musicians on <i>Detroit, </i>the British flagship strike up, “Rule, Britannia.”
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THE
</span><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/content/battle-lake-erie-0"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NEXT NOTES</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> come from an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Heritage</i> story, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Battle of Lake Erie</i>” by Richard F. Snow. First, we will supply the
background story, to how an American fleet was built and let loose on the lake.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daniel Dobbins was in
Washington by late summer, 1812; but he had had great difficulty getting there.
On July 12 General William Hull had invaded Canada with 2,200 men. By August 8,
however, Hull had retreated to Detroit, where he surrendered a week later to a
force half the size of his own.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Snow says his
performance was “variously ascribed to cowardice, senility, and treason.”
Dobbins was one of the prisoners, and having already violated a parole (or so
the British believed) he was scheduled to hang, but escaped in a thunderstorm.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Snow describes his
escape:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
reward was offered for his scalp, and so, having anticipated this, he hid in a
wrecked boat on the shore of the Detroit River. At length he made for the
river’s mouth, where he found an abandoned Indian dugout. He paddled across
Lake Erie to Sandusky and there got hold of a horse, which he rode to
Cleveland. Then, again in a canoe, he pressed on to the harbor of Presque Isle…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From there he carried
his message on “the long, dangerous forest road to Pittsburgh and then headed
east.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">President Madison
asked his advice about building a fleet on Lake Erie and they agreed on Presque
Isle. Dobbins was made a sailing master and ordered to proceed to Erie and get
busy. He had $2,000 to spend. The town of Erie had 47 homes, one blacksmith
shop, and a few men who knew how to use whipsaws. “There was no metal to speak
of within a hundred miles, nor was there any rope or sailcloth to be had.”
Dobbins set the price of timber at $1 per tree; he paid sawyers $1.25 per day,
axe men 62 ½ cents. “Hauling was worth $4.00 a day to those who had horses or
oxen.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Snow describes the
virtues of the harbor he has chosen:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">His destination, Presque Isle, was a narrow finger of land
six miles long, hooked out into Lake Erie and enclosing a superb natural harbor
three miles long and more than a mile wide. A sandbar across the entrance to
the bay presented some difficulties, but once inside, a ship was safe from any
storm that might blow up.</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A few days after his arrival Dobbins wrote a letter to:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Commodore Chauncey or the
commanding officer of the lake at Buffaloe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">SIR : I have the honor to
transmit to you … a coppy of my instructions from the Secretary of the Navy and
assure you, Sir, that I stand ready to execute any orders you may be pleased to
issue. …<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A return letter arrived, not from Chauncey but Lt. Jesse
Duncan Elliott, who, in modern terms, blew Dobbins off. Elliott completely
discounted Dobbins’ ideas:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It appears to me utterly
impossible to build Gun Boats at Presqu’ile; there is not a sufficient depth of
water on the bar to get them into the Lake. Should there be water, the place is
at all times open to the attacks of the Enemy. … From a slight acquaintance I
have with our side of Lake Erie … I am under the impression [it] has not a
single Harbor calculated to fit out a Naval expedition, and the only one
convenient I am at present at. … I have no further communication to make on the
subject.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Dobbins kept building anyway, laying down the keels for two
brigs and three gunboats. Supplies trickled in from Pittsburgh and
Philadelphia. Dobbins spent $200 for masts for his vessels, $92.25 for sweeps
and 14-foot oars. Winter blew in and many of his workers deserted. Money ran
out. He wrote to his superiors, asking for help. He predicted that the vessels
he was building would be “fast sailors.” But did they wish him to <i>keep</i>
building? Luckily, Dobbins was a better shipwright than a speller. “Pleas give
me orders…I have expended a considerable sum more than the two thousand
dollars…I have brot the iron from Pittsburgh which comes high [in price] the
Roads have been so bad if I am directed to go on with the work Pleas let me
hear as soon as Posible.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Chauncey soon visited Presque Isle and agreed the harbor was
more than sufficient. Noah Brown, who Snow describes as “a superb New York
shipbuilder,” arrived in January 1813 and went to work. Meanwhile, Oliver
Hazard Perry was asking Chauncey for a command on the Lakes.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Perry came from a Quaker background; but his father had
fought in the American Revolution. At age 14, his father took him on as a
midshipman on his frigate. Together, they fought the French in 1799 in the
Caribbean. Oliver also saw duty in the Mediterranean, fighting pirates in 1805.
In 1809, he was given command of the schooner <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Revenge</i>, with orders to cruise the Atlantic coast, looking for
British warships stopping American merchant vessels. In January 1811, however,
the <i>Revenge</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ran aground in thick
fog while making for harbor in New London. The pilot was in charge at the time;
and Perry was deemed not to be at fault; but his vessel had been sunk and he
was back in charge of a lowly gunboat, operating out of Newport.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Once war erupted, an “arms race” on Lake Ontario began. Both
Chauncey and Sir James Lucas Yeo, worked hard to build stronger and stronger
fleets. But neither man did much to actually bring on battle. By the end of the
war, Snow notes, Chauncey “had nearly finished a 130-gun ship of the line, a
vessel three times larger than anything America had on salt water.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In any case, Perry soon had his orders: Head for Presque Isle
and get to work. He wasted no time, gathering 50 carpenters and sailors, and
sending them on to Erie. He himself set out by sleigh, arriving on March 27,
two weeks after Noah Brown. Dobbins, Brown, and Perry never really had enough
men to do all the work; but Brown had a plan to speed the process. Once he came
across a carpenter who was taking too long on a task. “We want no extras; plain
work, plain work is what we want,” he explained. The ships would only be
“required for one battle.” If the Americans won that would be all that they
were needed for; and if they lost, and the ships were captured, then no need to
make them fancy. Perry often left Erie to visit Pittsburgh or Philadelphia
foundries casting round shot and cannon. On April 15, the Americans launched
their first pair of gunboats, each mounting a 32-pounder cannon. Many workmen
came down with fevers that spring. Those who could worked double shifts, sawing
and hammering. Supplies came from Pittsburgh: shot, sails, anchors and, most
importantly, guns. By mid-July, Perry had the fleet he wanted. Two brigs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Niagara</i>, each carrying 20 guns, made up the two fists with which he
would try to pummel any British opponent.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The Department of the Navy sent men to Commander Chauncey,
assuming he’d send some of the rest to Lake Erie. But Chauncey kept them all
and Perry had to try to drum up enough sailors to man his vessels. Dobbins was
sent around, offering $10 a month to anybody willing to serve four months or
until one decisive battle was fought. This brought in only 60 men. The British
managed to get a fleet of their own ready and put out to sail in mid-July.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Perry now wrote desperately to Chauncey:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The enemy’s fleet of six sail
are now off the bar of this harbour. What a golden opportunity if we had men. …
I am constantly looking to the eastward; every mail and every traveller from
that quarter is looked to as the harbinger of the glad tidings of our men being
on their way. … Give me men, sir, and I will acquire both for you and myself
honour and glory on this lake, or perish in the attempt. … Think of my
situation; the enemy in sight, the vessels under my command more than
sufficient, and ready to make sail, and yet obliged to bite my fingers with
vexation for want of men.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Three days later, he wrote Chauncey again, pleading, “For
God’s sake and yours, and mine, send me men and officers, and I will have them
[the British ships] in a day or two.” But no men came. The enemy ships could be
seen close by every day and Perry could not put out to fight. At night he
worried the British might try to raid his base and burn his new warships. The
Pennsylvania militia troops ordered to guard Presque Isle refused to stand
guard in the dark. Chauncey finally relented and sent Perry a few more men;
With more than a tinge of racism perhaps, Perry complained, “The men that
came…are a motley set, blacks, soldiers and boys…”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Chauncey replied,</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“I regret that you are not
pleased with the men sent you…for, to my knowledge, a part of them are not
surpassed by any seamen we have in the fleet; and I have yet to learn that the
color of the skin, or the cut and trimmings of the coat, can affect a man’s
qualifications or usefulness.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Had Perry known, he might have felt better; but the British
commander on Lake Erie was having the same kind of problems manning his ships.
Sir Robert Herriot Barclay had lost an arm at the Battle of Trafalgar. Now he
found that the typical sailor sent by Yeo from Lake Ontario, was “a poor devil
not worth his salt.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">For many months now, a sandbar at the mouth of Presque Isle
had kept the British from sailing in and blasting the new American fleet. And
at the end of July, the enemy sailed away for some reason. Perry and his men
tried to cross the bar; but <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Niagara</i> stuck fast. For four days
the sailors, black and white, young and old,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>labored to get them across. All heavy guns and ammunition had to be
taken off, rowed ashore, and the lightened vessels finally put out on Lake
Erie. Just in time, Lt. Elliott arrived with two more schooners and 99 officers
and men.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Perry had had his fill of frustrations and delays. In yet
another angry letter to the Secretary of the Navy, he threatened to resign his
command. “I cannot serve longer,” he wrote of Chauncey, “under an officer who
has been so totally regardless of my feelings.” Luckily, the authorities in
Washington, D.C. decided to ignore his request to be replaced.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">For several weeks, Perry cruised the lake, giving his men as
much practice manning the new ships as he could. A new base at Put-in-Bay was
ready. General William Henry Harrison, in command on land, sent Perry a hundred
Kentucky soldiers with their famous long rifles. They weren’t much for sailing;
but they now gave Perry 490 men to fight his nine ships.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Barclay, too, was having serious problems. He had a fine new
brig, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Detroit</i>, ready to fight;
but getting guns was a problem. He borrowed several field guns from the British
army; but in all six different types of cannon made up <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Detroit’s</i> 19 guns. This would mean all kinds of problems with
ammunition once an actual battle began. On September 9, he weighed anchor and
went looking for a fight. On board he had barely enough flour to feed his men.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Perry now prepared for battle. Elliott had command of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Niagara</i>, a detail that would prove to be
a serious problem. The winds swirled most of the morning on Lake Erie. Then
they steadied and blew from the southeast, giving the Americans the “weather
gauge.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Snow gives us the makeup of the two opposing fleets:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">On that night Perry called his
officers aboard his ship and discussed the battle he knew was imminent.
Barclay’s strongest ships were the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Detroit</i> and
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Queen Charlotte</i>, which
mounted seventeen guns. These would be engaged by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i>, Perry’s flagship, and her sister ship, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Niagara</i>, which Perry had placed under
the command of Jesse Elliott. Perry drew up a line of battle and then, paraphrasing
Nelson’s great dictum, said: “If you lay your enemy alongside, you cannot be
out of place.” The officers returned to their ships, and a full autumn moon
came out and rolled across the sky. Living things chittered and peeped on the
shore of the harbor, and the ships lay motionless on the water in the bright,
still night.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The next morning at sunup the
lookouts sighted the British fleet, and Perry stood out for open water. It was
a fine, cloudless day, with fluky breezes that eventually steadied and swung
around to the southeast, giving the American ships the weather gauge – the important
ability to force or decline battle as they chose. The schooner <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chippewa</i> led the enemy line,
followed by Barclay’s flagship, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Detroit</i>,
the brig <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Queen Charlotte</i>, the
brig <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hunter</i> of ten guns,
the schooner <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lady Prevost</i>, and
the sloop <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Little Belt</i>. Perry
accordingly arranged his line so that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i> was in the van, with the schooners <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ariel</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scorpion</i> standing by her weather bow, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Caledonia</i> next, to fight the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hunter</i>, and then the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Niagara</i>,
with which <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Elliott</i> was to engage
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Queen Charlotte</i>. The
gunboat-schooners <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Somers</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Porcupine</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tigress</i> and the sloop <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Trippe</i> would
take on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lady Prevost</i> and
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Little Belt</i>. Dobbins should
have been there in the schooner <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ohio</i>,
but he had been sent to Erie to pick up supplies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Aboard both fleets, cutlasses were put out on deck, in case
the enemy ever came close enough for men to jump from one ship to the other.
Shot were place near the guns. All hatches were closed, save for one left open,
so that ammunition could be brought up from below. Perry placed his most
important documents in a pouch weighed down with lead. If <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i> were forced to surrender, he told the ship’s doctor, he
should toss the pouch into the lake. Up went the flag over <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i>, too, “Don’t Give Up the Ship.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Perry soon turned to a nearby officer and said, “This is the
most important day of my life.” In the distance, British musicians aboard the
enemy fleet could be faintly heard playing the tune, “Rule Britannia.” Barclay
and Perry made for each other. When still a mile away, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Detroit </i>fired a shot to get the proper range. A second shot struck
the Lawrence. All but two of Perry’s guns were powerful 32-pound carronades,
short-barreled and deadly, but only at close range. So he held his fire and
headed for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Detroit</i>. For the next
few minutes, Perry was at the mercy of his enemy. The British, Snow says,
“picked his ship apart in a ghastly sort of target practice.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“After half an hour the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence’s</i>
rigging was almost useless, but Perry was close enough for his guns to take
effect.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">For some reason, Elliott hung back from the fight. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Queen Charlotte</i> then joined and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i> was hit by fire from both
ships. Snow says, “The destruction on the decks of the <i>Lawrence</i> was
appalling. The air was filled with iron and great jagged splinters of wood…”
The surgeon, Usher Parsons, had more wounded than he could possibly handle.
John Brooks, in charge of the marines, “the handsomest man in the fleet,” Snow
writes, had his hip smashed by a cannonball and lay in agony on the deck,
begging for a pistol to kill himself. Parsons was helping a wounded midshipman
to his feet after dressing his arm, when a cannonball tore through the hull and
killed the man. Five shots in all tore through the cabin. On the decks, men
slipped in blood. A black spaniel howled.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Oddly enough, Snow writes, “It is said that Perry suffered a
psychopathic fear of cows and would splash across a muddy road to avoid going
near one of the innocuous beasts.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, as the battle raged, six times Perry appeared at the
skylight above Parsons and asked him to spare one of his assistants to man the
guns. Finally, none remained. Perry asked next if any of the wounded could
return to the fight and help. Several did; but by 2:30 p.m. not a gun remained
in service on <i>Lawrence’s</i> decks. Four out of every five men aboard were
dead or wounded. Parsons later said many of the wounded cursed Elliott for
refusing to enter the fight.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Perry now lowered the “Don’t Give Up the Ship” flag, but not
the American, left Lt. Yarnell in charge with nine men still fit to serve. He
and a handful of other sailors took a small boat, miraculously undamaged, and
rowed for fifteen minutes, under fire, to reach <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Niagara</i>. Moments later, with “unspeakable pain,” as Perry
remembered it, he saw the flag on <i>Lawrence</i> go down. But the British
never had a chance to take her; and the flag soon went up again.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The enemy, too, had suffered terrible losses. There was not a
spot bigger than a hand on the side of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Detroit</i>,
a sailor later testified, that had not been splintered or cracked by American
fire. Barclay’s one good arm had been shattered and he had other wounds too.
Worse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Detroit</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Queen Charlotte</i> had become tangled and
could not be freed. Now the <i>Niagara</i> came on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hard, sailing between <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hunter</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Detroit</i>,
blasting broadsides in two directions. The rest of the American fleet was now
coming up to batter the British vessels; and at 3 p.m. Barclay finally
surrendered.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">British losses numbered 41 killed, 94 wounded. Perry lost 27
dead, 96 wounded, only four men having been killed aboard the late-arriving <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Niagara</i>.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">General Proctor received news of the defeat and began his
retreat from Ohio; but Harrison caught him and delt him a decisive defeat at
the Battle of the Thames.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFMm7UCf-h64JWM0ZB3bN9xGiW_SfZ3TPEhtnfol3iQq6GVXfm4YUiVAKB7BzxIq2Dl-X-U_iib6u4px8SU6LcT2_nkkepPUOx8lSolFAkHQ1WPumxXiopOhfcK6kQ0stQSHb20FnVvkxgsd56fmnn1GSRQkowJaGFkLMP8f3KGxRf_zSq6EkUOW49HyM/s1800/Battle%20of%20Lake%20Erie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1307" data-original-width="1800" height="415" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFMm7UCf-h64JWM0ZB3bN9xGiW_SfZ3TPEhtnfol3iQq6GVXfm4YUiVAKB7BzxIq2Dl-X-U_iib6u4px8SU6LcT2_nkkepPUOx8lSolFAkHQ1WPumxXiopOhfcK6kQ0stQSHb20FnVvkxgsd56fmnn1GSRQkowJaGFkLMP8f3KGxRf_zSq6EkUOW49HyM/w572-h415/Battle%20of%20Lake%20Erie.jpg" width="572" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Perry actually mentioned Elliott favorably in his official
report; and the two captains split the $225,000 prize money for the capture of
Barclay’s fleet. Later, Perry retracted his compliment. In 1818, Elliott
challenged Perry to a duel. Perry filed charges against him; but President
Monroe let the matter die. Perry died in 1819, a result of a fever he had
contracted while on duty along the S. American coast.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Snow concludes:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As for Daniel Dobbins, he spent
the rest of his life on the Lakes, navigating them for forty years and never,
he liked to boast, losing so much as a spar. When the President awarded a sword
to each midshipman and sailing master who served well on Lake Erie, Dobbins
wrote saying that he would like one too. But he was told that since he had not
been in the battle, he was not eligible, and he never got his sword.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">COFFIN
also provides a brief description of the fight:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i> is the fastest vessel, and
first into the fight with the enemy. The British concentrate their heavy fire
on the flagship. Most of the sailors aboard the <i>Lawrence</i> are cut down. Lt.
Yarnell sends a sailor to ask Perry for a few more men to man the guns. “A few
minutes later he stands before his commander with the blood streaming down his
face from a wound caused by a splinter which has passed through his nose.”
Yarnell is told there are no men to spare – he returns to the guns – and a second
splinter tears his scalp, “but he wipes away the blood and sights his gun once
more.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coffin continues: “A
shot crashes through the pantry and smashes all the plates, cups, and saucers.
A little dog, which has been hiding there, leaps upon the deck and sets up a
furious barking at the British.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By 2:30 p.m., “The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i> is a helpless wreck. In a few
minutes there will not be a man left.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There
are supreme moments in men’s lives; such a moment has come to Oliver Hazard
Perry. Though his decks are running with blood, though he has but one gun left,
though his ship is a wreck, he will win the victory! It is only a great soul
that can come to such a determination. Astern, half a mile away, is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Niagara</i>, with as many guns as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i> had at the beginning. Scarcely
a shot has struck her. Captain Elliott, for some reason, has not come into the
battle. The other vessels of the fleet are but little injured. Commodore Perry
decides to go on board the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Niagara</i>
and begin the battle anew. He has worn a plain blue jacket, but now pulls it
off and puts on his uniform.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Lower
the boat!” The order is executed, and, with his flag under his arm, accompanied
by his little brother, Commodore Perry steps into it. He stands erect. The oars
dip, and the boat shoots out from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i>.
Captain Barclay beholds it, and comprehends the meaning. His own ship, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Detroit</i>, is almost a wreck from the
pounding which it has had from the great guns of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i>, for, though silent now, they have been worked with
terrible effect. He knows that if Perry gains the deck of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Niagara</i> the battle will rage more
furiously than ever.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perry soon splits the
enemy fleet, pouring in broadsides right and left. By 3 o’clock every U.S.
vessel is involved in the fight, except the wrecked <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence</i>. At eight minutes after the hour Commodore Barclay is
forced to lower his flag and all other enemy vessels follow suit.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the back of an old
letter, Perry writes: “We have met the enemy, and they are ours. Two ships, two
brigs, one schooner, and one sloop.” (72/188-193)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-24358529623743592062024-01-30T15:14:00.002-05:002024-01-30T15:14:18.557-05:001814<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">March
27</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: The Battle of Horseshoe Bend is just
as bloody as the fight at Fort Mims (1813), and the butchery equally terrible, but results
reversed.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NOTE TO TEACHERS: It is telling that historians call one a “battle”
and the other a “massacre.” <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp49GxPmqzuHOihnXANnGFWNfbI-QOOb9YuAIYnzfGM-UrtVoCLLjNqmgrM8Ipf_P2Z3Y3-qYHIRbfytPl21cGlffiCM-CSBUXJ_w3ordaHY0X-ipwXNhV3FfzdbeRVOSLkhJt9RbBxYAYyPywdpOhil75xqQq3Un6wyp8YzFgCg-9DvO2lY0hSPFYj5A/s8387/War%20of%201812%20-%20Andrew%20Jackson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="8387" data-original-width="5520" height="669" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp49GxPmqzuHOihnXANnGFWNfbI-QOOb9YuAIYnzfGM-UrtVoCLLjNqmgrM8Ipf_P2Z3Y3-qYHIRbfytPl21cGlffiCM-CSBUXJ_w3ordaHY0X-ipwXNhV3FfzdbeRVOSLkhJt9RbBxYAYyPywdpOhil75xqQq3Un6wyp8YzFgCg-9DvO2lY0hSPFYj5A/w441-h669/War%20of%201812%20-%20Andrew%20Jackson.jpg" width="441" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">General Andrew Jackson.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sam Houston is a young
man in this fight, and is wounded by “a barbed arrow.” Coffin says the soldiers
sent a messenger to offer to spare all the Creeks who surrendered,</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">but
the Creeks, instead of surrendering, shot the messenger. The exasperated
soldiers then shot them down without mercy. Of the one thousand Indian
warriors, all except two hundred were killed. Jackson lost one hundred and
twenty-five. The chief, Weatherford [a man of mixed white and native parentage,
also known as “Red Eagle”], escaped on a horse; but he could fight no longer – nearly
all his warriors had been killed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Five days later,
Weatherford,” a brave and humane” man, according to Coffin, surrendered to
General Jackson:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“I
am Weatherford,” he said. “I have nothing to request for myself – you can kill
me; but I came to beg for the lives of the women and children, who are starving
in the woods. I hope you will send out parties to bring them in and feed them.
I did what I could to prevent the massacre at Fort Nims [Mims]. I have fought
the United States; if I had an army I would still fight, but I have not. I ask
nothing for myself. I am your prisoner. For my people, I can only weep over
their misfortunes.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">General
Jackson admired him; but there was no safety for the brave man even under
General Jackson’s protection. The relatives of those who had been massacred at
Fort Nims thirsted for his blood. He was obliged to flee; but when the war with
England was over he returned, and became a respected citizen of Alabama. (72/210)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While other sources also put Creek losses at a thousand – </span><a href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/war-1812/battles/horseshoe-bend"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">including
800 warriors</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> – it would be almost a certainty that many more of
the dead, than just two hundred, were women and children.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">August
9</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: British naval forces bombard
Stonington, Connecticut and leave the town in smoking ruins.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">John Bach McMaster provides
more detail:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fighting along the Seaboard.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> –
During 1812 and 1813 the British did little more than blockade our coast from
Rhode Island to New Orleans, leaving all the east coast of New England
unmolested. But in 1814 the entire coast was blockaded, the eastern part of
Maine was seized and occupied, and Stonington, Connecticut was bombarded.*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*In New England the ruin
of commerce made the war most unpopular, and it was because of this that the
British did not at first blockade the New England coast. British goods came to
Boston, Salem, and other ports in neutral ships, or in British ships disguised
as neutral, and great quantities of them were carried in four-horse wagons to
the South, whence raw cotton was brought back to New England to be shipped
abroad. The Republicans made great fun of this “ox-and-horse-marine.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.3in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggy5B368ZOIJXwfMQqXmoHElDNQpfRaJPvmiLRWWqD5SLyOZ5fug73RIcHibfYFp30e_h3ko3kBJzdjBIcRXZ4PrnJAaSTd619OUpNvyuHnBgh0Vrj011jV5AjdP54Iagf4tikQoahysCr6SP3Vtkun9jzX8oxsAEg6ZWdmaxDYr2WWzAeFyAnbwAF0o8/s4000/1790s%20Stonington%20Greek%20Revival%201.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="605" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggy5B368ZOIJXwfMQqXmoHElDNQpfRaJPvmiLRWWqD5SLyOZ5fug73RIcHibfYFp30e_h3ko3kBJzdjBIcRXZ4PrnJAaSTd619OUpNvyuHnBgh0Vrj011jV5AjdP54Iagf4tikQoahysCr6SP3Vtkun9jzX8oxsAEg6ZWdmaxDYr2WWzAeFyAnbwAF0o8/w453-h605/1790s%20Stonington%20Greek%20Revival%201.JPG" width="453" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Home in Stonington.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheFetd3OhQuNdmL7noICv5OMX9z9_Whnm5RlIIAATaxuVhDKSTpO4OItNO1cemxCmQ8KpIWbDsxUjh6j4uS_jIGRyHfVONYEjb6D4qR3QiDFS8Dp7LTsVQ8RfXwxgIu2YEipxlzoc_oMP2zCQ38wqoTY_MxODi4TtWAo7F74_nGPdxkXXY-cCmQ0jBb_I/s4000/War%20of%201812%20Stonington,%20scene%20of%20battle%20in%201814.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheFetd3OhQuNdmL7noICv5OMX9z9_Whnm5RlIIAATaxuVhDKSTpO4OItNO1cemxCmQ8KpIWbDsxUjh6j4uS_jIGRyHfVONYEjb6D4qR3QiDFS8Dp7LTsVQ8RfXwxgIu2YEipxlzoc_oMP2zCQ38wqoTY_MxODi4TtWAo7F74_nGPdxkXXY-cCmQ0jBb_I/w526-h395/War%20of%201812%20Stonington,%20scene%20of%20battle%20in%201814.JPG" width="526" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A park in remembrance of the raid and defense.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The “Bladensburg races.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">August
24</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: With
a British invasion force threatening D.C., </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Monroe
helps officers, including General Tobias E. Stansbury, position a line of
troops in a wide arc, on rising ground, at Bladensburg, facing a bridge across
the East Branch, which the enemy would have to cross. When General William
Winder arrived at noon he positioned his troops a mile behind the first line,
higher up the hill. President Madison also arrived, and rode his horse so far
forward that he had to be stopped before crossing into British lines.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.3in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: .3in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Ammon describes the fight:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.3in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .3in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">The
engagement at Bladensburg, which nominally lasted from one until four in the
afternoon, was really over almost as soon as it began. The militia units in the
front line broke and ran after the first shots were fired. Much of the panic
was generated by the unfamiliar Congreve rocket, a relatively harmless but
disconcerting weapon. The collapse of the front line set up a chain reaction
affecting all the other units. Within a half-hour after the battle began, as
Stansbury’s men poured into the rear, Winder ordered a general retreat in the
hope that he could reorganize the army outside Washington. The British were
held back two hours by Commodore Joshua Barney and an attachment of marines and
sailors, whose telling artillery fire delayed the advance. Winder’s plan proved
unworkable as the retreat turned into a chaotic route – the “Bladensburg races”
were underway. It seemed incredible that an army of 7,000 occupying a defensive
position had retreated before a force of 4,000 men without artillery or cavalry.
The American humiliation was all the greater, for the flight had begun before
Ross’s main force had been brought into action. (24/333)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After Washington was
attacked, President Madison had to flee, looking “miserably shattered and
wo-begone.” It is said he spent one night in a hen house. By this time the U.S.
government was bankrupt. The British offered peace terms: but the Northwest Territory
would have become a neutral buffer state. About a third of American territory
would have to be ceded. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9b9goLtCp1qxXjs077r5F33_1dublL4aEujuvUG8ZsvGJBsRuPQOS2i0cXt17DzlblH1eiXvsJQIRbruGBH52YL1QAeCfrCu86GxJ_MSXmQHv63cSguDJVLHPYh5upw9VVtco_vpPAwY8SbUdcFTnzfRfTEybFOwHa_Zrh0TtXYpsXLiPT-Nvz5EJ5Lg/s3175/War%20of%201812--Bladensburg%20Races.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3175" data-original-width="2249" height="703" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9b9goLtCp1qxXjs077r5F33_1dublL4aEujuvUG8ZsvGJBsRuPQOS2i0cXt17DzlblH1eiXvsJQIRbruGBH52YL1QAeCfrCu86GxJ_MSXmQHv63cSguDJVLHPYh5upw9VVtco_vpPAwY8SbUdcFTnzfRfTEybFOwHa_Zrh0TtXYpsXLiPT-Nvz5EJ5Lg/w498-h703/War%20of%201812--Bladensburg%20Races.jpg" width="498" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">September
11</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: A second British invasion is halted
in the Battle of Lake Champlain, a decisive American victory.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">September 27</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. is replaced
by Monroe, who took to sleeping on a camp bed in his War Department office, so
that he would be always on hand to receive dispatches. In the fall of 1814, the
U.S. army numbered only 30,000 men, half of the force that Congress had
approved. </span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">December</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: At the Hartford Convention, the New
England states flirt with secession, stating,</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
cases of deliberate, dangerous and palpable infractions of the Constitution,
affecting the sovereignty of a State and the liberties of the people; it is not
only right but the duty of such a State to interpose its authority for their
protection, in the manner best calculated to secure that end.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Van Loon explains that with Napoleon seemingly defeated once
and for all, and confined to the island of Corsica, the full military might of
Great Britain could finally be turned on the United States.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">At last the British government
had its hands free and was able to gather an army of veterans in Montreal and
Quebec for the recapture of the rebellious American provinces. But just when
everything was set for the great campaign, the Corsican monster escaped to the
European mainland and England was once more called upon to deliver her quota of
allied troops. After the victory of Waterloo and the conclusion of the peace of
Paris, when one out of every seven people in England had been reduced to the
state of a pauper by the uninterrupted decade of war, it seemed absurd and
wicked to continue a conflict in which no one was really interested. Besides,
now that Napoleon had been sent to St. Helena, the greater part of the British navy
had become superfluous and there was no longer any need for pressing foreign
sailors into the service of His Majesty. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">December 24</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: The
Treaty of Ghent is signed in Europe. Van Loon sums up the results this way. The
war had “changed absolutely nothing and left everything as it had been four
years previously.” (124/291)</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Ammon offers a more positive summary:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Although the war was at best an ignoble
stalemate in which the nation had only been saved from disaster by the decision
of Britain not to prosecute the war on a massive scale, the conflict was at
once portrayed in popular mythology as a victory, which had again proven the
effectiveness of the valor of a free people in a contest against the world’s
mightiest power. To many it seemed a second war of independence. (24/343)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">With no way to communicate quickly, on this side of the
Atlantic, no one knows that peace is at hand.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Coffin explains:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The invasion of New
Orleans took shape, as did the defense. Gen. Jackson was happy to learn that
2,000 Kentuckians had come to join him, but shocked to find only 700 had
rifles. “I don’t believe it,” he fumed. “I have never seen a Kentuckian without
a gun and a pack of cards and a bottle of whiskey in my life.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-84199159157277567262024-01-30T15:01:00.003-05:002024-01-30T15:04:21.471-05:001815<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">The
unnecessary Battle of New Orleans.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">January
8</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: According to Coffin, Jackson’s
defenses were manned by a battalion of free Negroes and even a few French
veterans of earlier wars with Napoleon. The “battle” was a massacre: 2,036 British
killed and wounded, American losses 21.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMWC7-Lg6fzq0HxmgRuN2W_nrBK2tYwCkjWqAY3d-fcIpNZB3moIreGQL2D8iteBVmTAWvcJFVqV5bgHjK-WwcglhbfdhXjBQOAIipJx87l0aUCwue7APrXQf4y12Lgiw1THFLmrqQ_AhQ6Gec36soYXw6NO2HNNdXEMicKKDiulPwZQJnyevmmOrCzO0/s4878/War%20of%201812%20-%20Battle%20of%20New%20Orleans.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3410" data-original-width="4878" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMWC7-Lg6fzq0HxmgRuN2W_nrBK2tYwCkjWqAY3d-fcIpNZB3moIreGQL2D8iteBVmTAWvcJFVqV5bgHjK-WwcglhbfdhXjBQOAIipJx87l0aUCwue7APrXQf4y12Lgiw1THFLmrqQ_AhQ6Gec36soYXw6NO2HNNdXEMicKKDiulPwZQJnyevmmOrCzO0/w546-h382/War%20of%201812%20-%20Battle%20of%20New%20Orleans.jpg" width="546" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBVP0oytybMPwFtlqbcWGqDpAeJo17o3xfY4Ii-PVzVwlaKbhtZgrTERzO34OVxv-VIZOaK1KI7viOBh9CkN05MAmDzvk7i6U56lt18TTZFkMwRBddjv23T3ROEQ8uA0EFRSOFQ8NldpoeKsREfrZhl8xhUmDqiRGKDPdwgpFy24dqCi2GYDu1qJtc5AE/s2562/War%20of%201812--Battle%20of%20New%20Orleans%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1682" data-original-width="2562" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBVP0oytybMPwFtlqbcWGqDpAeJo17o3xfY4Ii-PVzVwlaKbhtZgrTERzO34OVxv-VIZOaK1KI7viOBh9CkN05MAmDzvk7i6U56lt18TTZFkMwRBddjv23T3ROEQ8uA0EFRSOFQ8NldpoeKsREfrZhl8xhUmDqiRGKDPdwgpFy24dqCi2GYDu1qJtc5AE/w535-h351/War%20of%201812--Battle%20of%20New%20Orleans%20(2).jpg" width="535" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjecNkLoTPwujr-7JHK-mUBorMgJiW_O9e8HxXKh9iqGR1RXUo2MI7h8OZkRtSqshswGlcVE0Q_HmW-SHTIUEFG8uho1rUnHQqiCn_A8clNvPI-sUKICZwfI52z72r13Sqf7lOkRikEBwlcsmO-Vs5wmOwDYGMFtM-Ptmhy7YVd2sIfSqSa7GnwDYXaQpg/s2837/War%20of%201812--Battle%20of%20New%20Orleans%20(3).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2008" data-original-width="2837" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjecNkLoTPwujr-7JHK-mUBorMgJiW_O9e8HxXKh9iqGR1RXUo2MI7h8OZkRtSqshswGlcVE0Q_HmW-SHTIUEFG8uho1rUnHQqiCn_A8clNvPI-sUKICZwfI52z72r13Sqf7lOkRikEBwlcsmO-Vs5wmOwDYGMFtM-Ptmhy7YVd2sIfSqSa7GnwDYXaQpg/w527-h372/War%20of%201812--Battle%20of%20New%20Orleans%20(3).jpg" width="527" /></a></div><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSFqupwUxI_XKZxnkrRHIr2gX5vD1kcLEbF3z2E4wJb2_wVJHWnO1MFUU0jreEQQ4sFsJOE0d5kYDWQGCJ1f3HK2KU4OEqyCQEvGUPe-3jl0rvVObjX4c7WAjRM9_PZs0_qnMRtBcozQ76XekOlQrlEnk87oyOQntCt6Wqzq06eDVi9JzVTE2sNC_pSAs/s2913/War%20of%201812--Battle%20of%20New%20Orleans.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="2389" data-original-width="2913" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSFqupwUxI_XKZxnkrRHIr2gX5vD1kcLEbF3z2E4wJb2_wVJHWnO1MFUU0jreEQQ4sFsJOE0d5kYDWQGCJ1f3HK2KU4OEqyCQEvGUPe-3jl0rvVObjX4c7WAjRM9_PZs0_qnMRtBcozQ76XekOlQrlEnk87oyOQntCt6Wqzq06eDVi9JzVTE2sNC_pSAs/w542-h444/War%20of%201812--Battle%20of%20New%20Orleans.jpg" width="542" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NOTE TO TEACHERS: Most pictures used on this blog are from the
blogger’s own collection, as are these four, related to the Battle of New
Orleans.</span></i><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Feel free to use any you like.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Ammon says that both Madison and Monroe
came to the realization that the nation must never again be left exposed, “as a
result of the traditional Republican antipathy to military and naval
expenditures.” During the war, 3,500 slaves had been removed by British forces,
and American negotiators expected Britain to pay for the loss.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">That dispute dragged on until 1823, when
it was submitted to the Czar of Russia for arbitration. (See: 1823)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-89173065429911279332024-01-30T14:56:00.000-05:002024-01-30T14:56:08.107-05:001816<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">THE FEDERALIST PARTY was “shattered” in
1816, as Harry Ammon writes, and offered only token opposition during the
presidential election. The Electoral College vote: 183 for James Monroe, 34 for
Rufus King.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">In those days, New York, Pennsylvania,
and Virginia were the most populous states, with 29, 25, and 25 electoral votes,
respectively.</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXjvXHI-Q86-D8sw6hsTIlhkDkT2BN9-tcgzldD-ygn5a-BjgLzt6p9aESulqKbBTxCX7J5LjVmlEULvjcVtW7qbi2dbb5IegJqWqynE9L3nQ9ziAbyuGeCXERTy7fDhONmKgsASH4SJBHO_7-5VW0_roJ9SeJYs-A0uMAtCQRJQiSxz9_4H5RtoIFHZ4/s9591/President%20Monroe's%20administration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6621" data-original-width="9591" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXjvXHI-Q86-D8sw6hsTIlhkDkT2BN9-tcgzldD-ygn5a-BjgLzt6p9aESulqKbBTxCX7J5LjVmlEULvjcVtW7qbi2dbb5IegJqWqynE9L3nQ9ziAbyuGeCXERTy7fDhONmKgsASH4SJBHO_7-5VW0_roJ9SeJYs-A0uMAtCQRJQiSxz9_4H5RtoIFHZ4/w555-h384/President%20Monroe's%20administration.jpg" width="555" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">What was to come.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-87359429879832360092024-01-30T14:51:00.001-05:002024-01-30T14:51:05.349-05:001817<p> <b style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">February 17</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Municipal lighting is turned on in Baltimore, one hour after sunset. Lamplighters
hurried from post to post, touching off each gas jet by hand.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
“existence of parties is not necessary to free government.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">March 4</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: The phrase, the “Era of Good Feelings,” was coined by a
Federalist newspaper in Boston in 1817. By this time, Republicans had come to
accept the need for a national bank, and supported a protective tariff.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.3in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">James Monroe’s inaugural address, according
to Ammon, was “badly read in an almost inaudible voice.” Monroe called for an
effort to construct a national system of roads and canals, with “constitutional
sanction.” He hoped to foster American manufacturing, to free us from
dependence on foreign imports; and he advocated improvement of the nation’s
defenses.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">He entered office believing that the
“existence of parties is not necessary to free government,” and he made
eliminating them a primary goal. In the spring of 1817, the new president
announced that he would tour the New England states – and did so, traveling as
a private citizen, at his own expense, and without a private escort.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Monroe made himself completely accessible
to all parties and went out of his way to show respect to former Federalist
leaders. Monroe was the ideal person to undertake this reconciliation. Most men
immediately liked him, although he never aroused the same kind of enthusiasm
which Jefferson could among his associates. In spite of his rather formal
manners, Monroe had a rare ability of putting men at ease by his courtesy, his
lack of condescension, his frankness and by what his contemporaries looked upon
as his essential goodness and kindness of heart. These traits seem not only
vague, but rather unexciting, yet they were the ones most commonly stressed by
the people who knew him. </span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Abigail Adams who met him during the
tour, said all “were captivated by his agreeable affability…unassuming
manners…[and] his polite attentions to all orders and ranks.” (24/369, 371,
373)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Monroe particularly enjoyed seeing “Old
Ironsides,” which he hoped would be preserved as a national monument. He was
hailed, not as a hero, but as a symbol of national unity. Monroe saw himself as
head of the nation, not leader of a party.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSvgimA-Eh6hWzYeq9w-L4ht2sla0V20vsZFRpQnxl5cefih8L4o1J8Pu6rxvw7vhoVCwkLTBXn7AX9-cUjYB82wmyV0rJso5689uRud6q4Pqnv_uz2uF3FziutySPxbUChT8iWbOs1zXaeM46g91VgdFH-pZWTeG0lCa8C1-oIaee-27zu1S5Kmle2OY/s3299/War%20of%201812,%20main%20gun%20deck.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2146" data-original-width="3299" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSvgimA-Eh6hWzYeq9w-L4ht2sla0V20vsZFRpQnxl5cefih8L4o1J8Pu6rxvw7vhoVCwkLTBXn7AX9-cUjYB82wmyV0rJso5689uRud6q4Pqnv_uz2uF3FziutySPxbUChT8iWbOs1zXaeM46g91VgdFH-pZWTeG0lCa8C1-oIaee-27zu1S5Kmle2OY/w493-h321/War%20of%201812,%20main%20gun%20deck.jpg" width="493" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Main gun deck of the U.S.S. Constitution.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">“Historically,” Ammon explains, “the
Republican Party had been bound together as much by a shared fear of Federalism
as by a common set of principles.” Ammon notes repeatedly that Monroe was the
master of important issues, and led, in part, by his in-depth understanding of
the fundamentals.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">He proposed that Congress takes steps to
facilitate the introduction of the “arts of civilized life” to the Indians,
that the Constitution be amended to authorize federally sponsored internal
improvements and to permit the establishment of “seminaries of learning,” and
that pensions be provided for veterans of the Revolution. His final suggestion
was the most welcome of all to the people and politicians alike – the repeal of
the internal taxes levied during the war. (24/387)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">The new president had already been busy,
putting together his administration:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">While Monroe regarded political parties
as an anomaly in a democratic state and hoped to facilitate the amalgamation of
all parties into one, he was not prepared to go quite so far as to act on
Andrew Jackson’s suggestion that Federalist William Drayton of North Carolina
be made Secretary of War. Nor was he prepared to endorse George Sullivan’s
recommendation of Daniel Webster as Attorney General. He did not think the time
was right for such an advanced step, although he agreed with Jackson that many
Federalists who had rallied to the government during the war merited
recognition. However, many others still cherished “principles unfriendly to our
system of government,” of which the Hartford convention had furnished adequate
proof. (24/357)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">John Quincy Adams admired Monroe’s
ability to carefully listen to and to evaluate advice, which Adams felt was a
quality “which in so high a place is an infallible test of a great mind.”
(24/362)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">All of his cabinet heads remained with
him for eight years, save Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin W. Crowninshield.
Vice President Daniel Tompkins had serious financial problems and found comfort
in the bottle. “On the rare occasion when he presided over the Senate, he was
often drunk.” (24/365)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">April 28-29</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: The Rush-Bagot Agreement is reached,
banning naval armaments on the Great Lakes, save for customs purposes. The
agreement was made by Richard Rush and Sir Charles Bagot. (24/345, 349)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-53263841064692894002024-01-30T10:36:00.004-05:002024-01-30T10:41:41.797-05:001818<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUwcjTIbI76pdRgmRFC3dof73H-_C41amjjssvY-VuIR85RSqXjEy8TCnXvN7jkD1VW7Ks_37G4Vi-zslpaFsFS8KHMjlriNXJsDUU61C5tTwUAmzgB3ZYxO4ANvOVZH4xP0u9Rw-tQ2I-oRvd2Em4rE7UzHPwEou22OHwpm_ZMyo2r38GcudCN3RJnG0/s4856/Famous%20-%20wife%20of%20John%20Quincy%20Adams.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4856" data-original-width="3618" height="507" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUwcjTIbI76pdRgmRFC3dof73H-_C41amjjssvY-VuIR85RSqXjEy8TCnXvN7jkD1VW7Ks_37G4Vi-zslpaFsFS8KHMjlriNXJsDUU61C5tTwUAmzgB3ZYxO4ANvOVZH4xP0u9Rw-tQ2I-oRvd2Em4rE7UzHPwEou22OHwpm_ZMyo2r38GcudCN3RJnG0/w377-h507/Famous%20-%20wife%20of%20John%20Quincy%20Adams.jpg" width="377" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">January 1</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: The First Lady, Mrs. Monroe, begins holding
fortnightly “drawing rooms,” which attracted Washington D.C.’s leading lights.
These parties were open to all who were “suitably dressed,” in Ammon’s
words,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>including diplomats, members of
Congress, public officials, and private citizens. The first was held on New
Year’s Day, beginning at 11:30 in the morning.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">According to Ammon, many “informally
dressed citizens with spurs and muddy boots made their way into the President’s
House.” He also notes that, “Since there was no White House staff – not even a
watchman to look after the grounds when the president was absent – the servants
were probably from either the Albemarle or the Loudon plantations.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">He does not say “slaves,” but we must
assume they were.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">As for Mrs. Hay, the president’s
daughter, John Quincy Adams’s wife (pictured above) noted that other women came to fear her. She
was a lady so full of “agreeableness and disagreeableness, so accomplished and
ill bred, so proud and so mean,” who had such a “love for scandal that no
reputation is safe in her hands.” (24/406)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">January 6</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: General Jackson suggests that the U.S.
occupy Amelia Island and East Florida. This could be done without implicating
the government. “Let it be signified to me through any channel, (say Mr. J.
Rhea) that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United
States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished.” (24/415)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">August 25</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">: The
steamboat <i>Walk-in-the-Water</i> begins its crossing of Lake Erie, from
Buffalo to Detroit, which takes nine days. When it docked at Cleveland, then a
village, nearly the entire population turned out for a look.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">October 5</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">: Van
Loon notes, that in Indiana, a “boy of nine whittled the wooden pegs for his
mother’s coffin and looked on wonderingly when they took her away and buried
her together with her secret.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Lincoln,
of course. (124/368)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">(Nuts,
I forgot to note what the secret was!)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwqHZGDoXkzZawA6rubPPzFuvAKLNmw1VpSHpOSbbueuMw8pQeVWoWzgkIErw3QQQXcdIcCEdkaaV9qE8nwcwr6yODvgkxo5oC2p1UOoh6heXQW40_yh0PHmG3pmyAYQuwo2p7r__dRTYdVHzL55RZbUnT1r7YPF54eJqg0TiiSyckKWbQ_XAvFy4bNfk/s8855/Abraham%20Lincoln%20-%20earning%20his%20first%20dollar.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="8855" data-original-width="7117" height="557" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwqHZGDoXkzZawA6rubPPzFuvAKLNmw1VpSHpOSbbueuMw8pQeVWoWzgkIErw3QQQXcdIcCEdkaaV9qE8nwcwr6yODvgkxo5oC2p1UOoh6heXQW40_yh0PHmG3pmyAYQuwo2p7r__dRTYdVHzL55RZbUnT1r7YPF54eJqg0TiiSyckKWbQ_XAvFy4bNfk/w447-h557/Abraham%20Lincoln%20-%20earning%20his%20first%20dollar.jpg" width="447" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Lincoln as a boy.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-48408996041478649292024-01-30T02:03:00.002-05:002024-01-30T10:32:26.388-05:001819<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3dbQpIkNDaSUeaACVD7bqvMXvxCT7sqsqWITxNTATdDWFi3cV_bfD-zKArwfeDVxKl7EqVIuCRg-6JmzFzr1vaGaNzetbawacprPYMF48D4z-AjrJgin9rs4Koc61CbFSc9duinaFNGcdDpUpkGMOxojl-Mlx0UZNBpBC7d-wvBoKX6Vi4dQOtlnjobM/s4000/Florida%20-%20Blue%20water%20in%20Keys.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3dbQpIkNDaSUeaACVD7bqvMXvxCT7sqsqWITxNTATdDWFi3cV_bfD-zKArwfeDVxKl7EqVIuCRg-6JmzFzr1vaGaNzetbawacprPYMF48D4z-AjrJgin9rs4Koc61CbFSc9duinaFNGcdDpUpkGMOxojl-Mlx0UZNBpBC7d-wvBoKX6Vi4dQOtlnjobM/w571-h428/Florida%20-%20Blue%20water%20in%20Keys.jpg" width="571" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Water off the Florida Keys.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">February 22</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: Under growing pressure, Spain agrees to
sell Florida to the United States, for $5 million. American diplomats in Europe
had been instructed to make clear: If Spain rejected a treaty, Florida would be
occupied regardless.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">The U.S. had two major complaints. First,
slaves were escaping across the border, into Spanish territory. Second, Native
Americans were coming north, attacking settlers, and then fading back to Florida.
Often slave and native fighters joined forces in their attacks and their
defenses.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>NOTE TO TEACHERS: I would always explain: “Okay, we agree to pay
Spain $5 million. Ah, but not so fast. Here’s a bill for some of what you owe
us.” </i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Students would try to guess what it was for. (The value of the escaped slaves.) </i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Then I’d say, “Oh, and here’s another bill.” The students would guess again.
(Value of damaged property.)</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Finally, I’d ask, “So the total bill we sent to Spain would be ____?”
That question always seemed to get a little attention. I’d also joke about how,
if it wasn’t for Andrew Jackson – the general who had most threatened Spanish
control – we wouldn’t have Disneyworld.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">The U.S. did not exactly “pay” for
Florida, simply agreeing to accept responsibility for the “damages” done to
slave owners by loss of valuable slaves, and the damages caused by Native
American attacks.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">The French and British, Ammon says,
regarded the Americans as an “ambitious and encroaching people.” (24/439)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">John Quincy Adams believed that the
incorporation of Canada and Texas into the United States must eventually take
place, “as much the law of nature as that the Mississippi should flow to the
sea.” (24/440)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">When four senators voted against the
treaty with Spain, Adams described one as having “some maggot in the brain.”
(24/445)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">August 7</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: Colombia becomes the latest Spanish
colony to achieve independence. When Monroe named ministers to Argentina, Chile,
and Columbia, they were instructed to encourage political, commercial, civil,
and religious liberty, and development of republican forms of government. “The
policy outlined was essentially a continuation of past attitudes – the United
States would continue its neutrality and seek only to exert a moral influence
in South America.” (24/448)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">THE U.S. ECONOMY collapses in the
“Panic of 1819,” </span><a href="https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3531#:~:text=The%20panic%20had%20several%20causes,factories%20due%20to%20foreign%20competition."><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">explained
below</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">The Panic of 1819.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1819 a financial panic swept
across the country. The growth in trade that followed the War of 1812 came to
an abrupt halt. Unemployment mounted, banks failed, mortgages were foreclosed,
and agricultural prices fell by half. Investment in western lands collapsed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The panic was frightening in its
scope and impact. In New York State, property values fell from $315 million in
1818 to $256 million in 1820. In Richmond, property values fell by half. In
Pennsylvania, land values plunged from $150 an acre in 1815 to $35 in 1819. In
Philadelphia, 1,808 individuals were committed to debtors’ prison. In Boston,
the figure was 3,500.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">For the first time in American
history, the problem of urban poverty commanded public attention. In New York
in 1819, the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism counted 8,000 paupers out
of a population of 120,000. The next year, the figure climbed to 13,000. Fifty
thousand people were unemployed or irregularly employed in New York,
Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one foreign observer estimated that half a
million people were jobless nationwide. To address the problem of destitution,
newspapers appealed for old clothes and shoes for the poor, and churches and
municipal governments distributed soup. Baltimore set up 12 soup kitchens in
1820 to give food to the poor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The downswing spread like a
plague across the country. In Cincinnati, bankruptcy sales occurred almost
daily. In Lexington, Kentucky, factories worth half a million dollars were
idle. Matthew Carey, a Philadelphia economist, estimated that 3 million people,
one-third of the nation's population, were adversely affected by the panic. In
1820, John C. Calhoun commented: “There has been within these two years an
immense revolution of fortunes in every part of the Union; enormous numbers of
persons utterly ruined; multitudes in deep distress.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The panic had several causes,
including a dramatic decline in cotton prices, a contraction of credit by the
Bank of the United States designed to curb inflation, an 1817 congressional
order requiring hard-currency payments for land purchases, and the closing of
many factories due to foreign competition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The panic unleashed a storm of
popular protest. Many debtors agitated for “stay laws” to provide relief from
debts as well as the abolition of debtors’ prisons. Manufacturing interests
called for increased protection from foreign imports, but a growing number of
southerners believed that high protective tariffs, which raised the cost of
imported goods and reduced the flow of international trade, were the root of
their troubles. Many people clamored for a reduction in the cost of government
and pressed for sharp reductions in federal and state budgets. Others,
particularly in the South and West, blamed the panic on the <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">nation’s
banks </span>and
particularly the tight-money policies of the Bank of the United States.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Selections
from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Sketch Book</i> by Washington
Irving</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 115%;">.</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Usually, I indent direct quotations,
three spaces on both left and right margins; with material from The Sketch
Book, I did not bother. I have included chapter titles, but also added headers at
the start of certain sections, myself.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Voyage</span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">To be
swallowed shrieking by the waves.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“As
I was once sailing,” said he, “in a fine, stout ship, across the banks of
Newfoundland, one of those heavy fogs that prevail in those parts rendered it
impossible for us to see far ahead, even in the daytime; but at night the
weather was so thick that we could not distinguish any object at twice the
length of the ship. I kept lights at the mast-head, and a constant watch
forward to look out for fishing smacks, which are accustomed to anchor of the
banks. The wind was blowing a smacking breeze, and we were going at a great
rate through the water.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Suddenly
the watch gave the alarm of ‘a sail ahead!’ – it was scarcely uttered before we
were upon her. She was a small schooner, at anchor, with her broadside toward
us. The crew were all asleep, and had neglected to hoist a light. We struck her
just amidships. The force, the size, and weight of our vessel, bore her down
below the waves; we passed over her and were hurried on our course. As the
crashing wreck was sinking beneath us, I had a glimpse of two or three
half-naked wretches, rushing from her cabin; they just started from their beds
to be swallowed shrieking by the waves. I heard their drowning cry mingling
with the wind. The blast that bore it to our ears, swept us out of all further
hearing. I shall never forget that cry!</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“It
was some time before we could put the ship about, she was under such headway.
We returned, as nearly as we could guess, to the place where the smack had
anchored. We cruised about for several hours in the dense fog. We fired
signal-guns, and listened if we might hear the halloo of any survivors: but all
was silent—we never saw or heard any thing of them more.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Paragraphing added for modern readers.]</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[The
narrator muses] As I heard the waves rushing along the side of the ship, and
roaring in my very ear, it seemed as if Death were raging around this floating
prison, seeking for his prey: the mere starting of a nail, the yawning of a
seam, might give him entrance.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Wife</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I have often had occasion to remark the
fortitude with which women sustain the most overwhelming reverses of fortune.
Those disasters which break down the spirit of a man, and prostrate him in the
dust, seem to call forth all the energies of the softer sex, and give such
intrepidity and elevation to their character, that at times it approaches to
sublimity. Nothing can be more touching, than to behold a soft and tender
female, who had been all weakness and dependence, and alive to every trivial
roughness, while threading the prosperous paths of life, suddenly rising in
mental force to be the comforter and support of her husband under misfortune,
and abiding with unshrinking firmness the bitterest blasts of adversity.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As the vine, which has long twined its graceful
foliage about the oak, and been lifted by it into sunshine, will, when the
hardy plant is rifted by the thunderbolt, cling round it with its caressing
tendrils, and bind up its shattered boughs, so is it beautifully ordered by
Providence, that woman, who is the mere dependent and ornament of man in his
happier hours, should be his stay and solace when smitten with sudden calamity;
winding herself into the rugged recesses of his nature, tenderly supporting the
drooping head, and binding up the broken heart.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I was once congratulating a friend, who had
around him a blooming family, knit together in the strongest affection. “I can
wish you no better lot,” said he, with enthusiasm, “than to have a wife and
children. If you are prosperous, there they are to share your prosperity; if
otherwise, there they are to comfort you.” And, indeed, I have observed that a
married man falling into misfortune, is more apt to retrieve his situation in
the world than a single one; partly, because he is more stimulated to exertion by
the necessities of the helpless and beloved beings who depend upon him for
subsistence, but chiefly because his spirits are soothed and relieved by
domestic endearments, and his self-respect kept alive by finding, that, though
all abroad is darkness and humiliation, yet there is still a little world of
love at home, of which he is the monarch. Whereas, a single man is apt to run
to waste and self-neglect; to fancy himself lonely and abandoned, and his heart
to fall to ruin, like some deserted mansion, for want of an inhabitant.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-indent: 0in;">Sorrow relieves itself by words.</span></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[A friend falls on hard times – loses his great
estate – but his wife supports him in his anguish; he comes to Irving] I saw
his grief was eloquent, and I let it have its flow; for sorrow relieves itself
by words.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Irving bucks him up, assures him his wife will
not hate him for the reversal in his fortune. Finally, they take a walk into
the country, to the humble cottage he has now purchased for a home.]</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Some
days afterwards, he called upon me in the evening. He had disposed of his
dwelling-house, and taken a small cottage in the country, a few miles from
town. He had been busied all day in sending out furniture. The new
establishment required few articles, and those of the simplest kind. All the
splendid furniture of his late residence had been sold, excepting his wife’s
harp. That, he said, was too closely associated with the idea of herself it
belonged to the little story of their loves; for some of the sweetest moments
of their courtship were those when he had leaned over that instrument, and
listened to the melting tones of her voice.—I could not but smile at this
instance of romantic gallantry in a doting husband.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was now going out to the cottage, where his wife had been all day
superintending its arrangement. My feelings had become strongly interested in
the progress of his family story, and, as it was a fine evening, I offered to
accompany him.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was wearied with the fatigues of the day, and, as we walked out, fell into a
fit of gloomy musing.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Poor
Mary!” at length broke, with a heavy sigh, from his lips.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“And
what of her,” asked I, “has anything happened to her?”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“What,”
said he, darting an impatient glance, “is it nothing to be reduced to this
paltry situation – to be caged in a miserable cottage – to be obliged to toil
almost in the menial concerns of her wretched habitation?”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Has
she then repined at the change?</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Repined!
she has been nothing but sweetness and good-humor. Indeed, she seems in better
spirits than I have ever known her; she has been to me all love, and
tenderness, and comfort!”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Admirable
girl!” exclaimed I. “You call yourself poor, my friend; you never were so rich,
– you never knew the boundless treasures of excellence you possessed in that
woman.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Oh!
but, my friend, if this first meeting at the cottage were over, I think I could
then be comfortable. But this is her first day of real experience; she has been
introduced into a humble dwelling, – she has been employed all day in arranging
its miserable equipments, – she has, for the first time, known the fatigues of
domestic employment, – she has, for the first time, looked around her on a home
destitute of every thing elegant, – almost of every thing convenient; and may
now be sitting down, exhausted and spiritless, brooding over a prospect of
future poverty.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">There
was a degree of probability in this picture that I could not gainsay, so we
walked on in silence.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">After
turning from the main road up a narrow lane, so thickly shaded with
forest-trees as to give it a complete air of seclusion, we came in sight of the
cottage. It was humble enough in its appearance for the most pastoral poet; and
yet it had a pleasing rural look. A wild vine had overrun one end with a
profusion of foliage; a few trees threw their branches gracefully over it; and
I observed several pots of flowers tastefully disposed about the door, and on
the grass-plot in front. A small wicket-gate opened upon a footpath that wound
through some shrubbery to the door. Just as we approached, we heard the </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;">music
– Leslie grasped my arm; we paused and listened. It was Mary’s voice singing,
in a style of the most touching simplicity, a little air of which her husband
was peculiarly fond.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
felt Leslie’s hand tremble on my arm. He stepped forward, to hear more
distinctly. His step made a noise on the gravel-walk. A bright beautiful face
glanced out at the window, and vanished – a light footstep-was heard – and Mary
came tripping forth to meet us. She was in a pretty rural dress of white; a few
wild flowers were twisted in her fine hair; a fresh bloom was on her cheek; her
whole countenance beamed with smiles – I had never seen her look so lovely.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“My
dear George,” cried she, “I am so glad you are come; I have been watching and
watching for you; and running down the lane, and looking out for you. I’ve set
out a table under a beautiful tree behind the cottage; and I’ve been gathering
some of the most delicious strawberries, for I know you are fond of them – and we
have such excellent cream – and everything is so sweet and still here-Oh!” –
said she, putting her arm within his, and looking up brightly in his face, “Oh,
we shall be so happy!”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Poor
Leslie was overcome. – He caught her to his bosom – he folded his arms round
her – he kissed her again and again – he could not speak, but the tears gushed
into his eyes; and he has often assured me, that though the world has since
gone prosperously with him, and his life has, indeed, been a happy one, yet
never has he experienced a moment of more exquisite felicity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX9kn-3JccIQ-zJ1tnLM3nPwM-6J93VPZ0fhvDVGgzyKhUXjQ8XSLboCP_dK0NgctWMD5lFxOABvunQLZHrpAK1MW9QLbFjbtZ4pBIl9qWVWJvRS7ZmHKYuu1oRQVb2sxDxxF2VwfmyZVIOQVnR6JkwR8knyuRGY7MdYndS6yJsd4Wz4bgxQxIBI6vsEk/s3292/Literature%20-%20Washington%20Irving.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3292" data-original-width="2028" height="619" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX9kn-3JccIQ-zJ1tnLM3nPwM-6J93VPZ0fhvDVGgzyKhUXjQ8XSLboCP_dK0NgctWMD5lFxOABvunQLZHrpAK1MW9QLbFjbtZ4pBIl9qWVWJvRS7ZmHKYuu1oRQVb2sxDxxF2VwfmyZVIOQVnR6JkwR8knyuRGY7MdYndS6yJsd4Wz4bgxQxIBI6vsEk/w381-h619/Literature%20-%20Washington%20Irving.jpg" width="381" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">NOTE TO TEACHERS: I never
used this story in class – too hard for my seventh graders, probably. It might
be fun to pose the question, “Given Rip’s approach to work, and his wife’s
sharp tongue, what would students today look for in a spouse?”</span></i><i style="font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Who knows, until you try it?
I had many a good idea for my classes crash and burn.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p></span>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rip Van Winkle</span></i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">A
posthumous writing of Diedrich Knickerbocker<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
following Tale was found among the papers of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker,
an old gentleman of New York, who was very curious in the Dutch History of the
province and the manners of the descendants from its primitive settlers. His
historical researches, however, did not lie so much among books as among men;
for the former are lamentably scanty on his favorite topics; whereas he found
the old burghers, and still more, their wives, rich in that legendary lore, so
invaluable to true history. Whenever, therefore, he happened upon a genuine
Dutch family, snugly shut up in its low-roofed farm-house, under a spreading
sycamore, he looked upon it as a little clasped volume of black-letter, and
studied it with the zeal of a bookworm.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
result of all these researches was a history of the province, during the reign
of the Dutch governors, which he published some years since. There have been
various opinions as to the literary character of his work, and, to tell the
truth, it is not a whit better than it should be. Its chief merit is its
scrupulous accuracy, which indeed was a little questioned on its first
appearance, but has since been completely established; and it is now admitted
into all historical collections, as a book of unquestionable authority.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
old gentleman died shortly after the publication of his work; and now that he
is dead and gone, it cannot do much harm to his memory to say that his time
might have been much better employed in weightier labors. He, however, was apt
to ride his hobby his own way; and though it did now and then kick up the dust
a little in the eyes of his neighbors, and grieve the spirit of some friends,
for whom he felt the truest deference and affection, yet his errors and follies
are remembered “more in sorrow than in anger,” and it begins to be suspected,
that he never intended to injure or offend. But however his memory may be
appreciated by critics, it is still held dear among many folks, whose good
opinion is well worth having; particularly by certain biscuit-bakers, who have
gone so far as to imprint his likeness on their new-year cakes, and have thus
given him a chance for immortality, almost equal to the being stamped on a
Waterloo medal, or a Queen Anne’s farthing.]<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgboNos6c_-cqQuuI1i4M6EOYwuGyfOQc3PNviwdKylKCzcNpsb00gv1hMEkzpNPaz7sMQTH2EUkaYwxFMB1NxCxGTlhtlluaK7Q5rNuypmbe2w-De8U151lTkgdBaT4IU-42JMDpgtqxci00576aZlMrGwWhxyyF8ZB36sldji4bQjbZTOF4qXo61Vkuc/s5236/Colonial%20-%20Dutch%20-%20wedding%20in%20New%20Amsterdam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5236" data-original-width="4064" height="588" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgboNos6c_-cqQuuI1i4M6EOYwuGyfOQc3PNviwdKylKCzcNpsb00gv1hMEkzpNPaz7sMQTH2EUkaYwxFMB1NxCxGTlhtlluaK7Q5rNuypmbe2w-De8U151lTkgdBaT4IU-42JMDpgtqxci00576aZlMrGwWhxyyF8ZB36sldji4bQjbZTOF4qXo61Vkuc/w455-h588/Colonial%20-%20Dutch%20-%20wedding%20in%20New%20Amsterdam.jpg" width="455" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">WHOEVER
has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Kaatskill mountains. They are
a dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family, and are seen away to the
west of the river, swelling up to a noble height, and lording it over the
surrounding country. Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed,
every hour of the day produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of
these mountains; and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as
perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in
blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but
sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood
of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun,
will glow and light up like a crown of glory.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">At
the foot of these fairy mountains, the voyager may have descried the light
smoke curling up from a Village, whose shingle roofs gleam among the trees,
just where the blue tints of the upland melt away into the fresh green of the
nearer landscape. It is a little village of great antiquity, having been
founded by some of the Dutch colonists, in the early times of the province,
just about the beginning of the government of the good Peter Stuyvesant (may he
rest in peace!), and there were some of the houses of the original settlers
standing within a few years, built of small yellow bricks, brought from
Holland, having latticed windows and gable fronts, surmounted with
weathercocks.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
that same village, and in one of these very houses (which, to tell the precise
truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived, many years since,
while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple, good-natured
fellow, of the name of Rip Van Winkle. He was a descendant of the Van Winkles
who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of Peter Stuyvesant, and
accompanied him to the siege of Fort Christina. He inherited, however, but
little of the martial character of his ancestors. I have observed that he was a
simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor, and an obedient
henpecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that
meekness of spirit which gained him such universal popularity; for those men
are apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad, who are under the discipline
of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable
in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and a curtain-lecture is worth
all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and
long-suffering. A termagant wife may, therefore, in some respects, be
considered a tolerable blessing, and if so, Rip Van Winkle was thrice blessed.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Certain
it is, that he was a great favorite among all the good wives of the village,
who, as usual with the amiable sex, took his part in all family squabbles, and
never failed, whenever they talked those matters over in their evening
gossipings, to lay all the blame on Dame Van Winkle. The children of the
village, too, would shout with joy whenever he approached. He assisted at their
sports, made their playthings, taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles, and
told them long stories of ghosts, witches, and Indians. Whenever he went
dodging about the village, he was surrounded by a troop of them hanging on his
skirts, clambering on his back, and playing a thousand tricks on him with
impunity; and not a dog would bark at him throughout the neighborhood.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 18pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">An
insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
great error in Rip’s composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds of
profitable labor. It could not be for want of assiduity or perseverance; for he
would sit on a wet rock, with a rod as long and heavy as a Tartar’s lance, and
fish all day without a murmur, even though he should not be encouraged by a
single nibble. He would carry a fowling-piece on his shoulder, for hours
together, trudging through woods and swamps, and up hill and down dale, to
shoot a few squirrels or wild pigeons. He would never refuse to assist a
neighbor even in the roughest toil, and was a foremost man in all country
frolics for husking Indian corn, or building stone fences; the women of the
village, too, used to employ him to run their errands, and to do such little odd
jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them. In a word, Rip was
ready to attend to anybody’s business but his own; but as to doing family duty,
and keeping his farm in order, he found it impossible.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
fact, he declared it was of no use to work on his farm; it was the most
pestilent little piece of ground in the whole country; everything about it went
wrong, in spite of him. His fences were continually falling to pieces; his cow
would either go astray, or get among the cabbages; weeds were sure to grow
quicker in his fields than anywhere else; the rain always made a point of
setting in just as he had some out-door work to do; so that though his
patrimonial estate had dwindled away under his management, acre by acre, until
there was little more left than a mere patch of Indian corn and potatoes, yet
it was the worst-conditioned farm in the neighborhood.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">His
children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody. His son
Rip, an urchin begotten in his own likeness, promised to inherit the habits,
with the old clothes, of his father. He was generally seen trooping like a colt
at his mother’s heels, equipped in a pair of his father’s cast-off
galligaskins, which he had much ado to hold up with one hand, as a fine lady
does her train in bad weather.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rip
Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled
dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can
be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than
work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away, in
perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about
his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.
Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was incessantly going, and every thing he
said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence. Rip had but
one way of replying to all lectures of the kind, and that, by frequent use, had
grown into a habit. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his
eyes, but said nothing. This, however, always provoked a fresh volley from his
wife, so that he was fain to draw off his forces, and take to the <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">outside of the house – the only side </span>side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rip’s
sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his
master; for Dame Van Winkle regarded them as companions in idleness, and even
looked upon Wolf with an evil eye, as the cause of his master’s going so often
astray. True it is, in all points of spirit befitting in honorable dog, he was
as courageous an animal as ever scoured the woods—but what courage can
withstand the evil-doing and all-besetting terrors of a woman’s tongue? The
moment Wolf entered the house, his crest fell, his tail drooped to the ground,
or curled between his legs, he sneaked about with a gallows air, casting many a
sidelong glance at Dame Van Winkle, and at the least flourish of a broomstick
or ladle, he would fly to the door with yelping precipitation.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">His
termagant wife<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Times
grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on; a
tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool
that grows keener with constant use. For a long while he used to console
himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the
sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its
sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of
his Majesty George the Third. Here they used to sit in the shade through a
long, lazy summer’s day, talking listlessly over village gossip, or telling
endless, sleepy stories about nothing. But it would have been worth any
statesman’s money to have heard the profound discussions which sometimes took
place, when by chance an old newspaper fell into their hands from some passing
traveller. How solemnly they would listen to the contents, as drawled out by
Derrick Van Bummel, the school-master, a dapper learned little man, who was not
to be daunted by the most gigantic word in the dictionary; and how sagely they
would deliberate upon public events some months after they had taken place.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a
patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the door of which he took
his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun,
and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the
hour by his movements as accurately as by a sun-dial. It is true, he was rarely
heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for
every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew how to
gather his opinions. When any thing that was read or related displeased him, he
was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth, frequent, and
angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly,
and emit it in light and placid clouds, and sometimes, taking the pipe from his
mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod
his head in token of perfect approbation.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">From
even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant
wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquillity of the assemblage, and
call the members all to nought; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder
himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him
outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Poor
Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his only alternative, to escape
from the labor of the farm and the clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand,
and stroll away into the woods. Here he would sometimes seat himself at the
foot of a tree, and share the contents of his wallet with Wolf, with whom he
sympathized as a fellow-sufferer in persecution. “Poor Wolf,” he would say,
“thy mistress leads thee a dog’s life of it; but never mind, my lad, whilst I
live thou shalt never want a friend to stand by thee!” Wolf would wag his tail,
look wistfully in his master’s face, and if dogs can feel pity, I verily
believe he reciprocated the sentiment with all his heart.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
a long ramble of the kind, on a fine autumnal day, Rip had unconsciously
scrambled to one of the highest parts of the Kaatskill mountains. He was after
his favorite sport of squirrel-shooting, and the still solitudes had echoed and
re-echoed with the reports of his gun. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself,
late in the afternoon, on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that
crowned the brow of a precipice. From an opening between the trees, he could
overlook all the lower country for many a mile of rich woodland. He saw at a
distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but
majestic course, with the reflection of a purple cloud, or the sail of a
lagging bark, here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom and at last losing
itself in the blue highlands.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">On
the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and
shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and
scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun. For some time Rip
lay musing on this scene; evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began
to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys; he saw that it would be dark
long before he could reach the village; and he heaved a heavy sigh when he
thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
he was about to descend, he heard a voice from a distance hallooing: “Rip Van
Winkle! Rip Van Winkle!” He looked around, but could see nothing but a crow
winging its solitary flight across the mountain. He thought his fancy must have
deceived him, and turned again to descend, when he heard the same cry ring
through the still evening air, “Rip Van Winkle! Rip <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Van Winkle!” – at the same time </span>Wolf bristled up his back, and giving a low growl, skulked to his master’s
side, looking fearfully down into the glen. Rip now felt a vague apprehension
stealing over him; he looked anxiously in the same direction, and perceived a
strange figure slowly toiling up the rocks, and bending under the weight of
something he carried on his back. He was surprised to see any human being in
this lonely and unfrequented place, but supposing it to be some one of the
neighborhood in need of his assistance, he hastened down to yield it.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He bore
on his shoulders a stout keg.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">On
nearer approach, he was still more surprised at the singularity of the
stranger’s appearance. He was a short, square-built old fellow, with thick
bushy hair, and a grizzled beard. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">His dress was of the antique Dutch fashion – a cloth
jerkin strapped round the waist – several pairs of breeches, </span>the outer one
of ample volume, decorated with rows of buttons down the sides, and bunches at
the knees. He bore on his shoulders a stout keg, that seemed full of liquor,
and made signs for Rip to approach and assist him with the load. Though rather
shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance, Rip complied with his usual
alacrity; and mutually relieving each other, they clambered up a narrow gully,
apparently the dry bed of a mountain torrent. As they ascended, Rip every now
and then heard long rolling peals, like distant thunder, that seemed to issue
out of a deep ravine, or rather cleft between lofty rocks, toward which their
rugged path conducted. He paused for an instant, but supposing it to be the
muttering of one of those transient thunder-showers which often take place in
the mountain heights, he proceeded. Passing through the ravine, they came to a
hollow, like a small amphitheatre, surrounded by perpendicular precipices, over
the brinks of which impending trees shot their branches, so that you only
caught glimpses of the azure sky, and the bright evening cloud. During the
whole time Rip and his companion had labored on in silence; for though the
former marvelled greatly what could be the object of carrying a keg of liquor
up this wild mountain, yet there was something strange and incomprehensible
about the unknown, that inspired awe, and checked familiarity.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">On
entering the amphitheatre, new objects of wonder presented themselves. On a
level spot in the centre was a company of odd-looking personages playing at
ninepins. They were dressed in quaint outlandish fashion; some wore short
doublets, others jerkins, with long knives in their belts, and most of them had
enormous breeches, of similar style with that of the guide’s. Their visages,
too, were peculiar; one had a large head, broad face, and small piggish eyes;
the face of another seemed to consist entirely of nose, and was surmounted by a
white sugar-loaf hat, set off with a little red cock’s tail. They all had
beards, of various shapes and colors. There was one who seemed to be the
commander. He was a stout old gentleman, with a weather-beaten countenance; he
wore a laced doublet, broad belt and hanger, high-crowned hat and feather, red
stockings, and high-heeled shoes, with roses in them. The whole group reminded
Rip of the figures in an old Flemish painting, in the parlor of Dominie Van
Schaick, the village parson, and which had been brought over from Holland at
the time of the settlement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">What
seemed particularly odd to Rip was, that though these folks were evidently
amusing themselves, yet they maintained the gravest faces, the most mysterious
silence, and were, withal, the most melancholy party of pleasure he had ever
witnessed. Nothing interrupted the stillness of the scene but the noise of the
balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like
rumbling peals of thunder.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
Rip and his companion approached them, they suddenly desisted from their play,
and stared at him with such a fixed statue-like gaze, and such strange uncouth,
lack-lustre countenances, that his heart turned within him, and his knees smote
together. His companion now emptied the contents of the keg into large flagons,
and made signs to him to wait upon the company. He obeyed with fear and
trembling; they quaffed the liquor in profound silence, and then returned to
their game.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">One
taste provoked another.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">By
degrees, Rip’s awe and apprehension subsided. He even ventured, when no eye was
fixed upon him, to taste the beverage which he found had much of the flavor of
excellent Hollands. He was naturally a thirsty soul, and was soon tempted to
repeat the draught. One taste provoked another; and he reiterated his visits to
the flagon so often, that at length his senses were overpowered, his eyes swam
in his head, his head gradually declined, and he fell into a deep sleep.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">On
waking, he found himself on the green knoll whence he had first seen the old
man of the glen. He rubbed his eyes – it was a bright sunny morning. The birds
were hopping and twittering among the bushes, and the eagle was wheeling aloft,
and breasting the pure mountain breeze. “Surely,” thought Rip, “I have not
slept here all night.” He recalled the occurrences before he fell asleep. The
strange man with the keg of liquor – the mountain ravine – the wild retreat
among the rocks – the woe-begone party at ninepins – the flagon – “Oh! that
flagon! that wicked flagon!” thought Rip – “what excuse shall I make to Dame
Van Winkle?”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
looked round for his gun, but in place of the clean well-oiled fowling-piece,
he found an old firelock lying by him, the barrel encrusted with rust, the lock
falling off, and the stock worm-eaten. He now suspected that the grave
roysterers of the mountains had put a trick upon him, and, having dosed him
with liquor, had robbed him of his gun. Wolf, too, had disappeared, but he
might have strayed away after a squirrel or partridge. He whistled after him
and shouted his name, but all in vain; the echoes repeated his whistle and
shout, but no dog was to be seen.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
determined to revisit the scene of the last evening’s gambol, and if he met
with any of the party, to demand his dog and gun. As he rose to walk, he found
himself stiff in the joints, and wanting in his usual activity. “These mountain
beds do not agree with me,” thought Rip, “and if this frolic, should lay me up
with a fit of the rheumatism, I shall have a blessed time with Dame Van
Winkle.” With some difficulty he got down into the glen: he found the gully up
which he and his companion had ascended the preceding evening; but to his
astonishment a mountain stream was now foaming down it, leaping from rock to
rock, and filling the glen with babbling murmurs. He, however, made shift to
scramble up its sides, working his toilsome way through thickets of birch,
sassafras, and witch-hazel; and sometimes tripped up or entangled by the wild
grape vines that twisted their coils and tendrils from tree to tree, and spread
a kind of network in his path.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">At
length he reached to where the ravine had opened through the cliffs to the
amphitheatre; but no traces of such opening remained. The rocks presented a
high impenetrable wall, over which the torrent came tumbling in a sheet of
feathery foam, and fell into a broad deep basin, black from the shadows of the
surrounding forest. Here, then, poor Rip was brought to a stand. He again
called and whistled after his dog; he was only answered by the cawing of a
flock of idle crows, sporting high in the air about a dry tree that overhung a
sunny precipice; and who, secure in their elevation, seemed to look down and
scoff at the poor man’s perplexities. What was to be done? The morning was
passing away, and Rip felt famished for want of his breakfast. He grieved to give
up his dog and gun; he dreaded to meet his wife; but it would not do to starve
among the mountains. He shook his head, shouldered the rusty firelock, and,
with a heart full of trouble and anxiety, turned his steps homeward.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm2JDrxHplmkSpgjB8_SgY4e7Xjglsu4E2cDpODMB-uEmb-aErOjoaJs4L5VxrhCD5ppvrohEtbfJqTBrvvV6izjT-DXJMvfhHjernxbiLKZjcHKHVuU3s84jeHvPd05dUc6HO709worlqPsAKdJNpUvtoIegvLJsGz62PKABQt8FhxlEXm8NK1BE28HA/s7399/Harpers%20-%201886%20-%20Rip%20van%20Winkle.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="7399" data-original-width="5730" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm2JDrxHplmkSpgjB8_SgY4e7Xjglsu4E2cDpODMB-uEmb-aErOjoaJs4L5VxrhCD5ppvrohEtbfJqTBrvvV6izjT-DXJMvfhHjernxbiLKZjcHKHVuU3s84jeHvPd05dUc6HO709worlqPsAKdJNpUvtoIegvLJsGz62PKABQt8FhxlEXm8NK1BE28HA/w414-h534/Harpers%20-%201886%20-%20Rip%20van%20Winkle.jpg" width="414" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
he approached the village, he met a number of people, but none whom he knew,
which somewhat surprised him, for he had thought himself acquainted with every
one in the country round. Their dress, too, was of a different fashion from
that to which he was accustomed. They all stared at him with equal marks of
surprise, and whenever they cast eyes upon him, invariably stroked their chins.
The constant recurrence of this gesture, induced Rip, involuntarily, to do, the
same, when, to his astonishment, he found his beard had grown a foot long!</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
had now entered the skirts of the village. A troop of strange children ran at
his heels, hooting after him, and pointing at his gray beard. The dogs, too,
not one of which he recognized for an old acquaintance, barked at him as he
passed. The very village was altered: it was larger and more populous. There
were rows of houses which he had never seen before, and those which had been
his familiar haunts had disappeared. Strange names were over the doors – strange
faces at the windows – everything was strange. His mind now misgave him; he
began to doubt whether both he and the world around him were not bewitched.
Surely this was his native village, which he had left but a day before. There
stood the Kaatskill mountains – there ran the silver Hudson at a distance – there
was every hill and dale precisely as it had always been – Rip was sorely
perplexed – “That flagon last night,” thought he, “has addled my poor head
sadly!”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
shrill voice of Dame Van Winkle.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house, which he
approached with silent awe, expecting every moment to hear the shrill voice of
Dame Van Winkle. He found the house gone to decay – the roof had fallen in, the
windows shattered, and the doors off the hinges. A half-starved dog, that
looked like Wolf, was skulking about it. Rip called him by name, but the cur
snarled, showed his teeth, and passed on. This was an unkind cut indeed. – “My
very dog,” sighed poor Rip, “has forgotten me!”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
entered the house, which, to tell the truth, Dame Van Winkle had always kept in
neat order. It was empty, forlorn, and apparently abandoned. This desolateness
overcame all his connubial fears – he called loudly for his wife and children –
the lonely chambers rang for a moment with his voice, and then all again was
silence.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
now hurried forth, and hastened to his old resort, the village inn—but it too
was gone. A large rickety wooden building stood in its place, with great gaping
windows, some of them broken, and mended with old hats and petticoats, and over
the door was painted, “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle.” Instead of the
great tree that used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now
was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red
nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag, on which was a singular assemblage
of <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">stars and stripes – all </span>this was strange and incomprehensible. He recognized
on the sign, however, the ruby face of King George, under which he had smoked
so many a peaceful pipe, but even this was singularly metamorphosed. The red
coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was held in the hand instead
of a sceptre, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was
painted in large characters, “GENERAL WASHINGTON.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">There
was, as usual, a crowd of folk about the door, but none that Rip recollected.
The very character of the people seemed changed. There was a busy, bustling,
disputatious tone about it, instead of the accustomed phlegm and drowsy
tranquillity. He looked in vain for the sage Nicholas Vedder, with his broad
face, double chin, and fair long pipe, uttering clouds of tobacco-smoke,
instead of idle speeches; or Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, doling forth the
contents of an ancient newspaper. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;">In
place of these, a lean, bilious-looking fellow, with his pockets full of
handbills, was haranguing, vehemently about rights of citizens-elections – members
of Congress – liberty – Bunker’s hill – heroes of seventy-six-and other words,
which were a perfect Babylonish jargon to the bewildered Van Winkle.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Whether
he was Federal or Democrat.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
appearance of Rip, with his long, grizzled beard, his rusty fowling-piece, his
uncouth dress, and the army of women and children at his heels, soon attracted
the attention of the tavern politicians. They crowded round him, eying him from
head to foot, with great curiosity. The orator bustled up to him, and, drawing
him partly aside, inquired, “on which side he voted?” Rip stared in vacant
stupidity. Another short but busy little fellow pulled him by the arm, and
rising on tiptoe, inquired in his ear, “whether he was Federal or Democrat.”
Rip was equally at a loss to comprehend the question; when a knowing,
self-important old gentleman, in a sharp cocked hat, made his way through the
crowd, putting them to the right and left with his elbows as he passed, and
planting himself before Van Winkle, with one arm akimbo, the other resting on
his cane, his keen eyes and sharp hat penetrating, as it were, into his very
soul, demanded in an austere tone, “What brought him to the election with a gun
on his shoulder, and a mob at his heels; and whether he meant to breed a riot
in the village?”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Alas!
gentlemen,” cried Rip, somewhat dismayed, “I am a poor, quiet man, a native of
the place, and a loyal subject of the King, God bless him!”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Here
a general shout burst from the bystanders-“a tory! a tory! a spy! a refugee!
hustle him! away with him!” It was with great difficulty that the
self-important man in the cocked hat restored order; and having assumed a
tenfold austerity of brow, demanded again of the unknown culprit, what he came
there for, and whom he was seeking. The poor man humbly assured him that he
meant no harm, but merely came there in search of some of his neighbors, who
used to keep about the tavern.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Well
– who are they? – name them.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rip
bethought himself a moment, and inquired, Where’s Nicholas Vedder?</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">There
was a silence for a little while, when an old man replied, in a thin, piping
voice, “Nicholas Vedder? why, he is dead and gone these eighteen years! There
was a wooden tombstone in the churchyard that used to tell all about him, but
that’s rotten and gone too.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Where’s
Brom Dutcher?”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Oh,
he went off to the army in the beginning of the war; some say he was killed at
the storming of <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Stony-Point – others </span>say he was drowned in a squall at the foot
of Antony’s Nose. I don’t know—he never came back again.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Where’s
Van Bummel, the schoolmaster?”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“He
went off to the wars, too; was a great militia general, and is now in
Congress.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rip’s
heart died away, at hearing of these sad changes in his home and friends, and
finding himself thus alone in the world. Every answer puzzled him too, by
treating of such enormous lapses of time, and of matters which he could not
understand: <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">war – Congress – Stony-Point; – he had no</span> courage to ask after any more
friends, but cried out in despair, “Does nobody here know Rip Van Winkle?”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Oh,
Rip Van Winkle!” exclaimed two or three. “Oh, to be sure! that’s Rip Van Winkle
yonder, leaning against the tree.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rip
looked, and beheld a precise counterpart of himself as he went up the mountain;
apparently as lazy, and certainly as ragged. The poor fellow was now completely
confounded. He doubted his own identity, and whether he was himself or another
man. In the midst of his bewilderment, the man in the cocked hat demanded who
he was, and what was his name?</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“God
knows!” exclaimed he at his wit’s end; “I’m not myself – I’m somebody else – that’s
me yonder – no – that’s somebody else, got into my shoes- I was myself last
night, but I fell asleep on the mountain, and they’ve changed my gun, and
everything’s changed, and I’m changed, and I can’t tell what’s my name, or who
I am!”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
by-standers began now to look at each other, nod, wink significantly, and tap
their fingers against their foreheads. There was a whisper, also, about
securing the gun, and keeping the old fellow from doing mischief; at the very
suggestion of which, the self-important man with the cocked hat retired with
some precipitation. At this critical moment a fresh, comely woman pressed
through the throng to get a peep at the gray-bearded man. She had a chubby
child in her arms, which, frightened at his looks, began to cry. “Hush, Rip,”
cried she, “hush, you little fool; the old man won’t hurt you.” The name of the
child, the air of the mother, the tone of her voice, all awakened a train of
recollections in his mind.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“What
is your name, my good woman?” asked he.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Judith
Cardenier.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“And
your father’s name?”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Ah,
poor man, Rip Van Winkle was his name, but it’s twenty years since he went away
from home with his gun, and never has been heard of <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">since, – his </span>dog came home
without him; but whether he shot himself, or was carried away by the Indians,
nobody can tell. I was then but a little girl.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rip
had but one more question to ask; but he put it with a faltering voice:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Where’s
your mother?”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Oh,
she too had died but a short time since; she broke a blood-vessel in a fit of
passion at a New-England peddler.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">There
was a drop of comfort, at least, in this intelligence.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">There
was a drop of comfort, at least, in this intelligence. The honest man could
contain himself no longer. He caught his daughter and her child in his arms. “I
am your father!” cried he – “Young Rip Van Winkle once – old Rip Van Winkle now
– Does nobody know poor Rip Van Winkle!”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">All
stood amazed, until an old woman, tottering out from among the crowd, put her
hand to her brow, and peering under it in his face for a moment exclaimed,
“sure enough! it is Rip Van Winkle – it is himself. Welcome home again, old
neighbor. Why, where have you been these twenty long years?”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rip’s
story was soon told, for the whole twenty years had been to him but as one
night. The neighbors stared when they heard it; some were seen to wink at each
other, and put their tongues in their cheeks; and the self-important man in the
cocked hat, who, when the alarm was over, had returned to the field, screwed
down the corners of his mouth, and shook his <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">head – upon </span>which there was a
general shaking of the head throughout the assemblage.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
was determined, however, to take the opinion of old Peter Vanderdonk, who was
seen slowly advancing up the road. He was a descendant of the historian of that
name, who wrote one of the earliest accounts of the province. Peter was the
most ancient inhabitant of the village, and well versed in all the wonderful
events and traditions of the neighborhood. He recollected Rip at once, and
corroborated his story in the most satisfactory manner. He assured the company
that it was a fact, handed down from his ancestor, the historian, that the
Kaatskill mountains had always been haunted by strange beings. That it was
affirmed that the great Hendrick Hudson, the first discoverer of the river and
country, kept a kind of vigil there every twenty years, with his crew of the
Half-moon; being permitted in this way to revisit the scenes of his enterprise,
and keep a guardian eye upon the river and the great city called by his name.
That his father had once seen them in their old Dutch dresses playing at
ninepins in the hollow of the mountain; and that he himself had heard, one
summer afternoon, the sound of their balls, like distant peals of thunder.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">To
make a long story short, the company broke up, and returned to the more
important concerns of the election. Rip’s daughter took him home to live with
her; she had a snug, well-furnished house, and a stout cheery farmer for a
husband, whom Rip recollected for one of the urchins that used to climb upon
his back. As to Rip’s son and heir, who was the ditto of himself, seen leaning
against the tree, he was employed to work on the farm; but evinced an
hereditary disposition to attend to any thing else but his business.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rip
now resumed his old walks and habits; he soon found many of his former cronies,
though all rather the worse for the wear and tear of time; and preferred making
friends among the rising generation, with whom he soon grew into great favor.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Having
nothing to do at home, and being arrived at that happy age when a man can be
idle with impunity, he took his place once more on the bench, at the inn door,
and was reverenced as one of the patriarchs of the village, and a chronicle of
the old times “before the war.” It was some time before he could get into the
regular track of gossip, or could be made to comprehend the strange events that
had taken place during his torpor. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">How that there had been a revolutionary war – that the
country had thrown off the yoke of old England – and that, instead of being a
subject to his Majesty George the Third, he was now a free citizen of the
United States. Rip, in fact, was no politician; the changes of states and
empires made but little impression on him; but there was one species of
despotism under which he had long groaned, and that was – petticoat government. </span> Happily, that was at an end; he had got his neck out of the yoke of matrimony,
and could go in and out whenever he pleased, without dreading the tyranny of Dame
Van Winkle. Whenever her name was mentioned, however, he shook his head,
shrugged his shoulders, and cast up his eyes; which might pass either for an
expression of resignation to his fate, or joy at his deliverance.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
used to tell his story to every stranger that arrived at Mr. Doolittle’s hotel.
He was observed, at first, to vary on some points every time he told it, which
was, doubtless, owing to his having so recently awaked. It at last settled down
precisely to the tale I have related, and not a man, woman, or child in the
neighborhood, but knew it by heart. Some always pretended to doubt the reality
of it, and insisted that Rip had been out of his head, and that this was one
point on which he always remained flighty. The old Dutch inhabitants, however,
almost universally gave it full credit. Even to this day, they never hear a
thunder-storm of a summer afternoon about the Kaatskill, but they say Hendrick
Hudson and his crew are at their game of ninepins; and it is a common wish of
all henpecked husbands in the neighborhood, when life hangs heavy on their
hands, that they might have a quieting draught out of Rip Van Winkle’s flagon.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rural Life in England</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
rural occupation, there is nothing mean and debasing. It leads a man forth
among scenes of natural grandeur and beauty; it leaves him to the workings of
his own mind, operated upon by the purest and most elevating of external
influences. Such a man may be simple and rough, but he cannot be vulgar. The
man of refinement, therefore, finds nothing revolting in an intercourse with
the lower orders in rural life, as he does when he casually mingles with the
lower orders of cities. He lays aside his distance and reserve, and is glad to
waive the distinctions of rank, and to enter into the honest, heartfelt
enjoyments of common life. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Broken Heart</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
love of a delicate female is always shy and silent.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Man
is the creature of interest and ambition. His nature leads him forth into the
struggle and bustle of the world. Love is but the embellishment of his early
life, or a song piped in the intervals of the acts. He seeks for fame, for
fortune for space in the world’s thought, and dominion over his fellow-men. But
a woman’s whole life is a history of the affections. The heart is her world; it
is there her ambition strives for empire – it is there her avarice seeks for
hidden treasures. She sends forth her sympathies on adventure; she embarks her
whole soul in the traffic of affection; and if shipwrecked, her case is
hopeless – for it is a bankruptcy of the heart.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
the dove will clasp its wings to its side, and cover and conceal the arrow that
is preying on its vitals – so is it the nature of woman, to hide from the world
the pangs of wounded affection. The love of a delicate female is always shy and
silent. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Art of Book-Making</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
have often wondered at the extreme fecundity of the press, and how it comes to
pass that so many heads, on which Nature seems to have inflicted the curse of
barrenness, should teem with voluminous productions. As a man travels on,
however, in the journey of life, his objects of wonder daily diminish… </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was evidently constructing some work of profound erudition, that would be
purchased by every man who wished to be thought learned, placed upon a
conspicuous shelf of his library, or laid open upon his table – but never
read. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><br /></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">A Royal Poet</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Writing
about James I of Scotland, the “A Royal Poet” of the title, Irving notes]:
James was detained in captivity above eighteen years; but though deprived of
personal liberty, he was treated with the respect due to his rank.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[James
I writes]:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">What
have I gilt* to him, or done offense,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">That
I am thral’d, and birdis go at large?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*
Gilt, what injury have I done, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…In
the midst of his musing, as he casts his eye downward, he beholds “the fairest
and the freshest young floure” that ever he had seen. It is the lovely Lady
Jane, walking in the garden to enjoy the beauty of that “fresh May
morrowe.” </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
dwells with the fondness of a lover on every article of her apparel, from the
net of pearl, splendent with emeralds and sapphires, that confined her golden
hair, even to the “goodly chaine of small orfeverye” * about her neck, whereby
there hung a ruby in shape of a heart, that seemed, he says, like a spark of
fire burning upon her white bosom. Her dress of white tissue was looped up to
enable her to walk with more freedom. She was accompanied by two female
attendants, and about her sported a little hound decorated with bells, probably
the small Italian hound of exquisite symmetry which was a parlor favorite and
pet among the fashionable dames of ancient times. James closes his description
by a burst of general eulogium:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In her was youth, beauty, with humble
port,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bounty, richesse, and womanly feature:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">God better knows than my pen can
report,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Wisdom, largesse,+ estate,++ and
cunning** sure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In every point so guided her measure,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In word, in deed, in shape, in
countenance,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">That nature might no more her child
advance.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*
Wrought gold.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">+ Largesse,
bounty.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">++
Estate, dignity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">**
Cunning, discretion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Irving
comments]:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
an amatory poem, it is edifying, in these days of coarser thinking, to notice
the nature, refinement, and exquisite delicacy which pervade it; banishing
every gross thought, or immodest expression, and presenting female loveliness,
clothed in all its chivalrous attributes of almost supernatural purity and
grace.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">James
flourished nearly about the time of Chaucer and Gower, and was evidently an
admirer and studier of their writings. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
mingled occasionally among the common people in disguise.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Such
of my readers as may not be familiar with Scottish history (though the manner
in which it has of late been woven with captivating fiction has made it a
universal study) may be curious to learn something of the subsequent history of
James and the fortunes of his love. His passion for the Lady Jane, as it was
the solace of his captivity, so it facilitated his release, it being imagined
by the Court that a connection with the blood-royal of England would attach him
to its own interests. He was ultimately restored to his liberty and crown,
having previously espoused the Lady Jane, who accompanied him to Scotland, and
made him a most tender and devoted wife.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
found his kingdom in great confusion, the feudal chieftains having taken
advantage of the troubles and irregularities of a long interregnum, to
strengthen themselves in their possessions, and place themselves above the
power of the laws. James sought to found the basis of his power in the
affections of his people. He attached the lower orders to him by the
reformation of abuses, the temperate and equable administration of justice, the
encouragement of the arts of peace, and the promotion of every thing that could
diffuse comfort, competency, and innocent enjoyment through the humblest ranks
of society. He mingled occasionally among the common people in disguise;
visited their firesides; entered into their cares, their pursuits, and their
amusements; informed himself of the mechanical arts, and how they could best be
patronized and improved; and was thus an all-pervading spirit, watching with a
benevolent eye over the meanest of his subjects.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…A conspiracy was at length formed
against his life, at the head of which was his own uncle, Robert Stewart, Earl
of Athol, who, being too old himself for the perpetration of the deed of blood,
instigated his grandson, Sir Robert Stewart, together with Sir Robert Graham,
and others of less note, to commit the deed. They broke into his bedchamber at
the Dominican convent near Perth, where he was residing, and barbarously
murdered him by oft-repeated wounds. His faithful queen, rushing to throw her
tender body between him and the sword, was twice wounded in the ineffectual
attempt to shield him from the assassin; and it was not until she had been
forcibly torn from his person, that the murder was accomplished.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Country Church</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
congregation was composed of the neighboring people of rank, who sat in pews
sumptuously lined and cushioned, furnished with richly-gilded prayer-books, and
decorated with their arms upon the pew doors; of the villagers and peasantry,
who filled the back seats and a small gallery beside the organ; and of the poor
of the parish, who were ranged on benches in the aisles.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
service was performed by a snuffling, well-fed vicar, who had a snug dwelling
near the church. He was a privileged guest at all the tables of the
neighborhood, and had been the keenest fox-hunter in the country, until age and
good living had disabled him from doing anything more than ride to see the
hounds throw off, and make one at the hunting dinner.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Under
the ministry of such a pastor, I found it impossible to get into the train of
thought suitable to the time and place; so, having, like many other feeble
Christians, compromised with my conscience, by laying the sin of my own
delinquency at another person’s threshold, I occupied myself by making
observations on my neighbors.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">There
was an extraordinary hurry of the footmen to alight, pull down the steps, and
prepare everything for the descent on earth of this august family. The old
citizen first emerged his round red face from out the door, looking about him
with the pompous air of a man accustomed to rule on ‘Change, and shake the
Stock Market with a nod. His consort, a fine, fleshy, comfortable dame,
followed him. There seemed, I must confess, but little pride in her
composition. She was the picture of broad, honest, vulgar enjoyment. The world
went well with her; and she liked the world. She had fine clothes, a fine
house, a fine carriage, fine children—everything was fine about her: it was
nothing but driving about and visiting and feasting. Life was to her a
perpetual revel; it was one long Lord Mayor’s Day.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Two
daughters succeeded to this goodly couple. They certainly were handsome, but
had a supercilious air that chilled admiration and disposed the spectator to be
critical. They were ultrafashionable in dress, and, though no one could deny
the richness of their decorations, yet their appropriateness might be
questioned amidst the simplicity of a country church. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">When
he joined so loudly in the service, it seemed more by way of example to the
lower orders, to show them that, though so great and wealthy, he was not above
being religious; as I have seen a turtle-fed alderman swallow publicly a basin
of charity soup, smacking his lips at every mouthful and pronouncing it
“excellent food for the poor.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Widow and Her Son</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Those
who are in the habit of remarking such matters must have noticed the passive
quiet of an English landscape on Sunday. The clacking of the mill, the
regularly recurring stroke of the flail, the din of the blacksmith’s hammer,
the whistling of the ploughman, the rattling of the cart, and all other sounds
of rural labor are suspended. The very farm-dogs bark less frequently, being
less disturbed by passing travellers. At such times I have almost fancied the
wind sunk into quiet, and that the sunny landscape, with its fresh green tints
melting into blue haze, enjoyed the hallowed calm.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sweet day, so pure, so calm, so brigh’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The bridal of the earth and sky.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Well
was it ordained that the day of devotion should be a day of rest. The holy
repose which reigns over the face of nature has its moral influence; every
restless passion is charmed down, and we feel the natural religion of the soul
gently springing up within us. For my part, there are feelings that visit me,
in a country church, amid the beautiful serenity of nature, which I experience
nowhere else; and if not a more religious, I think I am a better man on Sunday
than on any other day of the seven.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Entrapped
by a press-gang, and carried off to sea.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Unfortunately,
the son was tempted, during a year of scarcity and agricultural hardship, to
enter into the service of one of the small craft that plied on a neighboring
river. He had not been long in this employ, when he was entrapped by a
press-gang, and carried off to sea. His parents received tidings of his
seizure, but beyond that they could learn nothing. It was the loss of their
main prop. The father, who was already infirm, grew heartless and melancholy
and sunk into his grave…It was but a few days before the time at which these
circumstances were told me, that she was gathering some vegetables for her
repast, when she heard the cottage-door which faced the garden, suddenly
opened. A stranger came out, and seemed to be looking eagerly and wildly around.
He was dressed in seamen’s clothes, was emaciated and ghastly pale, and bore
the air of one broken by sickness and hardships. He saw her and hastened
towards her, but his steps were faint and faltering; he sank on his knees
before her and sobbed like a child. The poor woman gazed upon him with a vacant
and wandering eye. “Oh, my dear, dear mother! don’t you know your son? your
poor boy, George?” It was, indeed, the wreck of her once noble lad; who
shattered by wounds, by sickness and foreign imprisonment, had, at length,
dragged his wasted limbs homeward, to repose among the scenes of his childhood.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">When
I looked round upon the storied monuments, the stately hatchments, the cold
marble pomp with which grandeur mourned magnificently over departed pride, and
turned to this poor widow, bowed down by age and sorrow at the altar of her
God, and offering up the prayers and praises of a pious though a broken heart,
I felt that this living monument of real grief was worth them all.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
related her story to some of the wealthy members of the congregation, and they
were moved by it. They exerted themselves to render her situation more
comfortable, and to lighten her afflictions. It was, however, but smoothing a
few steps to the grave. In the course of a Sunday or two after, she was missed
from her usual seat at church, and before I left the neighborhood I heard, with
a feeling of satisfaction, that she had quietly breathed her last, and had gone
to rejoin those she loved, in that world where sorrow is never known and
friends are never parted.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">A Sunday in London</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">On
this sacred day, [London] the gigantic monster is changed into repose…</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-indent: 0in;">the inhabitants] have put on their
Sunday looks, and Sunday manners, with their Sunday clothes, and are cleansed
in mind as well as in person.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Never
have I been more sensible of the sanctifying effect of church music, than when
I have heard it thus poured forth, like a river of joy, through the inmost
recesses of this great metropolis.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Boar’s Head Tavern</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">A cool
tankard to clear their understandings.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
had to explore Crooked Lane and divers little alleys and elbows and dark
passages with which this old city is perforated like an ancient cheese, or a
worm-eaten chest of drawers. At length I traced him to a corner of a small
court surrounded by lofty houses, where the inhabitants enjoy about as much of
the face of heaven as a community of frogs at the bottom of a well.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…the [English] lower classes…seldom
deliberate on any weighty matter without the assistance of a cool tankard to
clear their understandings. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">This
last opinion was strengthened by the shabby gentleman with the red nose and
oilcloth hat, and whom I strongly suspected of being a lineal descendant from
the variant Bardolph. He suddenly aroused from his meditation on the pot of
porter, and casting a knowing look at the goblet, exclaimed, “Ay, ay! the head
don’t ache now that made that there article.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
am aware that a more skilful illustrator of the immortal bard would have
swelled the materials I have touched upon to a good merchantable bulk,
comprising the biographies of William Walworth, Jack Straw, and Robert Preston;
some notice of the eminent fishmongers of St. Michael’s; the history of
Eastcheap, great and little; private anecdotes of Dame Honeyball and her pretty
daughter, whom I have not even mentioned; to say nothing of a damsel tending
the breast of lamb (and whom, by the way, I remarked to be a comely lass with a
neat foot and ankle);—the whole enlivened by the riots of Wat Tyler, and
illuminated by the great fire of London.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Mutability of Literature</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">They
consisted principally of old polemical writers, and were much more worn by time
than use.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
could not but consider the library a kind of literary catacomb, where authors,
like mummies, are piously entombed, and left to blacken and moulder in dusty
oblivion.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">What
do we hear of Robert Grosteste of Lincoln? No one could have toiled harder than
he for immortality. He is said to have written nearly two hundred volumes. He
built, as it were, a pyramid of books to perpetuate his name: but, alas! the
pyramid has long since fallen, and only a few fragments are scattered in
various libraries, where they are scarcely disturbed even by the antiquarian.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">A
whole crowd of authors who wrote and wrangled at the time, have likewise gone
down with all their writings and their controversies. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">NOTE TO TEACHERS: I don’t
know if anyone ever has time to do what I was able to do in my career – which was
to focus on what interested my students in history. Here, it might be fun to
have students act out their reactions to the loss of “their” beloved.
Over-dramatization encouraged.</span></i><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Good luck in the era of competency
testing!<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rural Funerals</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I’ll deck her tomb with flowers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The rarest ever seen;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">And with my tears as showers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I’ll keep them fresh and green.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cymbeline</i> by Shakespeare</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Here
is also a certain custom, observed time out of mind, of planting rose-trees
upon the graves, especially by the young men and maids who have lost their
loves; so that this churchyard is now full of them.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Lay a garland on my hearse<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Of the dismall yew,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Maidens, willow branches wear,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Say I died true.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">My love was false, but I was firm,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>From my hour of birth;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Upon my buried body lie<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lightly, gentle earth.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Inn Kitchen</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">That
temple of true liberty, an inn.</span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
had the prospect before me of a long dull evening, without any visible means of
enlivening it.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
threw aside the newspaper and explored my way to the kitchen, to take a peep at
the group that appeared to be so merry. It was composed partly of travellers
who had arrived some hours before in a diligence, and partly of the usual
attendants and hangers-on of inns. They were seated round a great burnished
stove, that might have been mistaken for an altar at which they were
worshipping. It was covered with various kitchen vessels of resplendent
brightness, among which steamed and hissed a huge copper tea-kettle. A large
lamp threw a strong mass of light upon the group, bringing out many odd
features in strong relief. Its yellow rays partially illumined the spacious
kitchen, dying duskily away into remote corners, except where they settled in
mellow radiance on the broad side of a flitch of bacon or were reflected back
from well-scoured utensils that gleamed from the midst of obscurity. A
strapping Flemish lass, with long golden pendants in her ears and a necklace
with a golden heart suspended to it, was the presiding priestess of the temple.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Many
of the company were furnished with pipes, and most of them with some kind of
evening potation. I found their mirth was occasioned by anecdotes which a
little swarthy Frenchman, with a dry weazen face and large whiskers, was giving
of his love-adventures; at the end of each of which there was one of those
bursts of honest unceremonious laughter in which a man indulges in that temple
of true liberty, an inn.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Christmas</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
seemed to throw open every door and unlock every heart.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
is inspiring to read even the dry details which some antiquaries have given of
the quaint humors, the burlesque pageants, the complete abandonment to mirth
and good-fellowship with which this festival was celebrated. It seemed to throw
open every door and unlock every heart. It brought the peasant and the peer
together, and blended all ranks in one warm, generous flow of joy and kindness.
The old halls of castles and manor-houses resounded with the harp and the
Christmas carol, and their ample boards groaned under the weight of hospitality.
Even the poorest cottage welcomed the festive season with green decorations of
bay and holly – the cheerful fire glanced its rays through the lattice,
inviting the passengers to raise the latch and join the gossip knot huddled
round the hearth beguiling the long evening with legendary jokes and oft-told
Christmas tales.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Amidst
the general call to happiness, the bustle of the spirits, and stir of the
affections which prevail at this period what bosom can remain insensible? It
is, indeed, the season of regenerated feeling—the season for kindling not
merely the fire of hospitality in the hall, but the genial flame of charity in
the heart.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
scene of early love again rises green to memory beyond the sterile waste of
years; and the idea of home, fraught with the fragrance of home-dwelling joys,
reanimates the drooping spirit… </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…yet I feel the influence of the season
beaming into my soul from the happy looks of those around me. Surely happiness
is reflective, like the light of heaven[.]</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Stage Coach</span></i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…on the day preceding Christmas. The
coach was crowded, both inside and out, with passengers who, by their talk,
seemed principally bound to the mansions of relations or friends to eat the
Christmas dinner. It was loaded also with hampers of game and baskets and boxes
of delicacies, and hares hung dangling their long ears about the coachman’s
box, presents from distant friends for the impending feast. I had three fine
rosy-cheeked school boys for my fellow-passengers inside, full of the buxom
health and manly spirit which I have observed in the children of this country.
They were returning home for the holidays in high glee, and promising
themselves a world of enjoyment. It was delightful to hear the gigantic plans
of the little rogues, and the impracticable feats they were to perform during
their six weeks’ emancipation from the abhorred thraldom of book, birch, and
pedagogue. They were full of anticipations of the meeting with the family and
household, down to the very cat and dog [.]</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Irving
describes the driver]:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
has commonly a broad, full face, curiously mottled with red, as if the blood
had been forced by hard feeding into every vessel of the skin; he is swelled
into jolly dimensions by frequent potations of malt liquors, and his bulk is
still further increased by a multiplicity of coats, in which he is buried like
a cauliflower, the upper one reaching to his heels. He wears a broad-brimmed,
low-crowned hat; a huge roll of colored handkerchief about his neck, knowingly
knotted and tucked in at the bosom; and has in summer-time a large bouquet of
flowers in his buttonhole, the present, most probably, of some enamored country
lass. His waistcoat is commonly of some bright color, striped, and his
small-clothes extend far below the knees, to meet a pair of jockey boots which
reach about halfway up his legs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;">A
stage-coach, however, carries animation always with it, and puts the world in
motion as it whirls along. The horn, sounded at the entrance of the village,
produces a general bustle. Some hasten forth to meet friends; some with bundles
and bandboxes to secure places, and in the hurry of the moment can hardly take
leave of the group that accompanies them. In the meantime the coachman has a
world of small commissions to execute. Sometimes he delivers a hare or
pheasant; sometimes jerks a small parcel or newspaper to the door of a public
house; and sometimes, with knowing leer and words of sly import, hands to some
half-blushing, half-laughing house-maid an odd-shaped billet-doux from some
rustic admirer. As the coach rattles through the village every one runs to the
window, and you have glances on every side of fresh country faces and blooming
giggling girls.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…the impending holiday…it seemed to me
as if everybody was in good looks and good spirits. Game, poultry, and other
luxuries of the table were in brisk circulation in the villages; the grocers’,
butchers’, and fruiterers’ shops were thronged with customers. The housewives
were stirring briskly about, putting their dwellings in order, and the glossy
branches of holly with their bright-red berries began to appear at the windows.
The scene brought to mind an old writer’s account of Christmas preparation: “Now
capons and hens, besides turkeys, geese, and ducks, with beef and mutton, must
all die, for in twelve days a multitude of people will not be fed with a
little. Now plums and spice, sugar and honey, square it among pies and broth.
Now or never must music be in tune, for the youth must dance and sing to get
them a heat, while the aged sit by the fire. The country maid leaves half her
market, and must be sent again if she forgets a pack of cards on Christmas Eve.
Great is the contention of holly and ivy whether master or dame wears the
breeches. Dice and cards benefit the butler; and if the cook do not lack wit,
he will sweetly lick his fingers.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Those
days, when, like them, I had neither care nor sorrow.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Irving
sees happy young children and the footman go off for a pony ride, the young
ones taking turns happily aboard]: I was reminded of those days, when, like
them, I had neither care nor sorrow, and a holiday was the summit of earthly
felicity.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Now trees their leafy hats do bare<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">To reverence Winter’s silver hair;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">A handsome hostess, merry host,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">A pot of ale now and a toast,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Tobacco and a good coal fire,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Are things this season doth require.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Poor
Robin’s Almanack, 1684.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Christmas Eve</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
even regrets sometimes that he had not been born a few centuries earlier, when
England was itself, and had its peculiar manners and customs.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
was the policy of the good old gentleman to make his children feel that home
was the happiest place in the world…</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Here
were kept up the old games of hoodman blind, shoe the wild mare, hot cockles,
steal the white loaf, bob apple and snap dragon…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">* The mistletoe is still hung
up in farm-houses and kitchens at Christmas, and the young men have the
privilege of kissing the girls under it, plucking each time a berry from the
bush. When the berries are all plucked the privilege ceases.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">* The Yule-clog is a great log
of wood, sometimes the root of a tree, brought into the house with great
ceremony on Christmas Eve, laid in the fireplace, and lighted with the brand of
last year’s clog. While it lasted there was great drinking, singing, and
telling of tales. Sometimes it was accompanied by Christmas candles; but in the
cottages the only light was from the ruddy blaze of the great wood fire. The
Yule-clog was to burn all night; if it went out, it was considered a sign of
ill luck.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…If a squinting person come to the
house while it is burning, or a person barefooted, it is considered an ill
omen. The brand remaining from the Yule-clog is carefully put away to light the
next year’s Christmas fire.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…the
squire made his supper of frumenty, a dish made of wheat cakes boiled in milk,
with rich spices, being a standing dish in old times for Christmas eve.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Irving
focuses his attention on a Master Simon, a family friend]: He was evidently the
wit of the family, dealing very much in sly jokes and innuendoes with the
ladies…It seemed to be his great delight during supper to keep a young girl
next to him in a continual agony of stifled laughter, in spite of her awe of
the reproving looks of her mother, who sat opposite. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was an old bachelor, of a small independent income, which by careful management
was sufficient for all his wants. He revolved through the family system like a
vagrant comet in its orbit, sometimes visiting one branch, and sometimes
another quite remote, as is often the case with gentlemen of extensive
connections and small fortunes in England.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…an
old harper was summoned from the servants’ hall, where he had been strumming
all the evening, and to all appearance comforting himself with some of the
squire’s home-brewed. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Irving
continues to focus on Master Simon]:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[He]
was endeavoring to gain credit by the heel and toe, rigadoon, and other graces
of the ancient school; but he had unluckily assorted himself with a little
romping girl from boarding-school, who by her wild vivacity kept him
continually on the stretch and defeated all his sober attempts at elegance:
such are the ill-sorted matches to which antique gentlemen are unfortunately
prone.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
most interesting couple in the dance was the young officer and a ward of the
squire’s, a beautiful blushing girl of seventeen. From several shy glances
which I had noticed in the course of the evening I suspected there was a little
kindness growing up between them; and indeed the young soldier was just the
hero to captivate a romantic girl. He was tall, slender, and handsome, and,
like most young British officers of late years, had picked up various small
accomplishments on the Continent: he could talk French and Italian, draw
landscapes, sing very tolerably, dance divinely, but, above all, he had been
wounded at Waterloo. What girl of seventeen, well read in poetry and romance,
could resist such a mirror of chivalry and perfection?</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
party now broke up for the night with the kin-hearted old custom of shaking
hands.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">NOTE TO TEACHERS: I believe
modern students could relate to this piece, about the excitement of little
children during the holiday season. A good question might be: “What’s the best
present you ever received on a holiday?”</span></i><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">And “What was the worst?”</span></i><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The blogger’s mother, during
the hippie era, once gave him a set of socks in various neon-colors, because a
young salesgirl said they were “happening.” You could have used the yellow
socks as a nightlight, I think. Other festive colors: Neon orange, electric
blue, and bold lime green. I never wore any of those socks, except to play
neighborhood football and get them covered in mud.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Christmas Day</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">While
I lay musing on my pillow I heard the sound of little feet pattering outside of
the door, and a whispering consultation. Presently a choir of small voices
chanted forth an old Christmas carol, the burden of which <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;">was
–</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rejoice, our Saviour he was born<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">On Christmas Day in the morning.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
consisted of a boy and two girls, the eldest not more than six, and lovely as
seraphs. They were going the rounds of the house and singing at every chamber
door…[When he opens to see what they’re about] as if by one impulse, they
scampered away, and as they turned an angle of the gallery I heard them
laughing in triumph at their escape.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
afterwards understood that early morning service was read on every Sunday and
saint’s day throughout the year, either by Mr. Bracebridge or by some member of
the family. It was once almost universally the case at the seats of the
nobility and gentry of England, and it is much to be regretted that the custom
is falling into neglect; for the dullest observer must be sensible of the order
and serenity prevalent in those households where the occasional exercise of a
beautiful form of worship in the morning gives, as it were, the keynote to
every temper for the day and attunes every spirit to harmony.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…He indulged in some bitter
lamentations over modern breakfasts of tea and toast, which he censured as
among the causes of modern effeminacy and weak nerves and the decline of old
English heartiness; and, though he admitted them to his table to suit the palates
of his guests, yet there was a brave display of cold meats, wine, and ale on
the sideboard.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
mentioned this last circumstance to Frank Bracebridge, who told me with a smile
that Master Simon’s whole stock of erudition was confined to some half a dozen
old authors… [and] like all men who know but a few books, he looked up to them
with a kind of idolatry and quoted them on all occasions. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Simon
considers himself a bit of a musician and organizes a church choir. Irving
notes]: …he has culled with curious taste among the prettiest lasses in the
neighborhood.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
parson was a little, meagre, black-looking man, with a grizzled wig that was
too wide and stood off from each ear; so that his head seemed to have shrunk
away within it, like a dried filbert in its shell…he was indefatigable in his
researches after such old English writers as have fallen into oblivion from
their worthlessness. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…just beside the altar was a tomb of
ancient workmanship, on which lay the effigy of a warrior in armor with his
legs crossed, a sign of his having been a crusader.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
worthy parson lived but with times past, and knew but little of the present.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Those
Masse-mongers and Papists.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">* From the “Flying Eagle,” a
small gazette, published December 24, 1652: “The House spent much time this day
about the business of the Navy, for settling the affairs at sea, and before
they rose, were presented with a terrible remonstrance against Christmas day,
grounded upon divine Scriptures, 2 Cor. v. 16; I Cor. xv. 14, 17; and in honor
of the Lord’s Day, grounded upon these Scriptures, John xx. I; Rev. i. 10;
Psalms cxviii. 24; Lev. xxiii. 7, 11; Mark xv. 8; Psalms lxxxiv. 10, in which
Christmas is called Anti-christ’s masse, and those Masse-mongers and Papists
who observe it, etc. In consequence of which parliament spent some time in
consultation about the abolition of Christmas day, passed orders to that
effect, and resolved to sit on the following day, which was commonly called
Christmas day.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
squire went on to lament the deplorable decay of the games and amusements which
were once prevalent at this season among the lower orders and countenanced by
the higher…</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“The
nation,” continued he, “is altered; we have almost lost our simple true-hearted
peasantry. They have broken asunder from the higher classes, and seem to think
their interests are separate. They have become too knowing, and begin to read
newspapers, listen to ale-house politicians, and talk of reform. I think one
mode to keep them in good-humor in these hard times would be for the nobility
and gentry to pass more time on their estates, mingle more among the
country-people, and set the merry old English games going again.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjJF7IXB2hpgxJynMOrzkPuCal4f3-xFEVmam00U4vSGXWVqiIjOcyJ3TIM2CpY-7JOyfCz_2jrRNMXiqYruYYpzNErdmr2zR-7FexvsUMEy-kRQkGUZhyphenhyphenq8KhPEiqDAsxn1YYFBjPk8R6xudynNZKBDDhrbLxfcCKA6LQ4uTo31Iht1Af0uJP2KuRZNo/s2988/People--Christmas,%20c.%201830.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2988" data-original-width="2507" height="557" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjJF7IXB2hpgxJynMOrzkPuCal4f3-xFEVmam00U4vSGXWVqiIjOcyJ3TIM2CpY-7JOyfCz_2jrRNMXiqYruYYpzNErdmr2zR-7FexvsUMEy-kRQkGUZhyphenhyphenq8KhPEiqDAsxn1YYFBjPk8R6xudynNZKBDDhrbLxfcCKA6LQ4uTo31Iht1Af0uJP2KuRZNo/w467-h557/People--Christmas,%20c.%201830.jpg" width="467" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Christmas morning in the time of Mr. Irving.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Christmas Dinner</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…the old harper being seated on a stool
beside the fireplace and twanging, his instrument with a vast deal more power
than melody. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
have traced an old family nose through a whole picture-gallery, legitimately
handed down from generation to generation almost from the time of the
Conquest. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“I
like the old custom,” said the squire, “not merely because it is stately and
pleasing in itself, but because it was observed at the college at Oxford at
which I was educated. When I hear the old song chanted it brings to mind the
time when I was young and gamesome, and the noble old college hall, and my
fellow-students loitering about in their black gowns; many of whom, poor lads!
are now in their graves.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
could not, however, but notice a pie magnificently decorated with peacock’s
feathers, in imitation of the tail of that bird, which overshadowed a
considerable tract of the table. This, the squire confessed with some little
hesitation, was a pheasant pie, though a peacock pie was certainly the most
authentical; but there had been such a mortality among the peacocks this season
that he could not prevail upon himself to have one killed.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[At
one point the butler brings in a large silver<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>vessel]: Its appearance was hailed with acclamation, being the Wassail
Bowl, so renowned in Christmas festivity. The contents had been prepared by the
squire himself; for it was a beverage in the skilful mixture of which he
particularly prided himself, alleging that it was too abstruse and complex for
the comprehension of an ordinary servant. It was a potation, indeed, that might
well make the heart of a toper leap within him, being composed of the richest and
raciest wines, highly spiced and sweetened, with roasted apples bobbing about
the <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;">surface[.]</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Fast
gaining on the dry land of sober judgment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
old gentleman’s countenance beamed…pronouncing it “the ancient fountain of good
feeling, where all hearts meet together.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">How
easy it is for one benevolent being to diffuse pleasure around him! and how
truly is a kind heart a fountain of gladness, making everything in its vicinity
to freshen into smiles! </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">When
the ladies had retired, the conversation, as usual, became still more animated;
many good things were broached which had been thought of during dinner, but
which would not exactly do for a lady’s ear; </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
found the tide of wine and wassail fast gaining on the dry land of sober
judgment.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
gave us several anecdotes of the fancies of the neighboring peasantry
concerning the effigy of the crusader which lay on the tomb by the church
altar. As it was the only monument of the kind in that part of the country, it
had always been regarded with feelings of superstition by the good wives of the
village. It was said to get up from the tomb and walk the rounds of the
churchyard in stormy nights, particularly when it thundered; and one old woman,
whose cottage bordered on the churchyard, had seen it through the windows of
the church, when the moon shone, slowly pacing up and down the aisles. It was
the belief that some wrong had been left unredressed by the deceased, or some
treasure hidden, which kept the spirit in a state of trouble and restlessness.
Some talked of gold and jewels buried in the tomb, over which the spectre kept
watch; and there was a story current of a sexton in old times who endeavored to
break his way to the coffin at night, but just as he reached it received a
violent blow from the marble hand of the effigy, which stretched him senseless
on the pavement. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was himself a great reader of old legends and romances, and often lamented that
he could not believe in them; for a superstitious person, he thought, must live
in a kind of fairy-land.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">If,
however, I can by any lucky chance, in these days of evil, rub out one wrinkle
from the brow of care or beguile the heavy heart of one moment of sorrow; if I
can now and then penetrate through the gathering film of misanthropy, prompt a
benevolent view of human nature, and make my reader more in good-humor with his
fellow-beings and himself—surely, surely, I shall not then have written
entirely in vain.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">London Antiques</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Observing
the London scene, Irving notes]: A student with book in hand was seated on a
stone bench, partly reading, partly meditating on the movements of two or three
trim nursery-maids with their infant charges.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Little Britain</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
whole front of my sitting-room is taken up with a bow window, on the panes of
which are recorded the names of previous occupants for many generations,
mingled with scraps of very indifferent gentleman-like poetry, written in
characters which I can scarcely decipher, and which extol the charms of many a
beauty of Little Britain who has long, long since bloomed, faded, and passed
away. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Irving
calls this working-class neighborhood]: …the strong-hold of John Bullism</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…an old woman [a fortune teller] that
lives in Bull-and-Mouth Street makes a tolerable subsistence by detecting
stolen goods and promising the girls good husbands.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[One
elderly gentleman] …has great doubts of these new gimcracks, the steamboats…</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">There
are two annual events which produce great stir and sensation in Little Britain:
these are St. Bartholomew’s Fair and the Lord Mayor’s Day…there is nothing
going on but gossiping and gadding about…every tavern is a scene of rout and
revel. The fiddle and the song are heard from the taproom morning, noon, and
night…There is no such thing as keeping maid-servants within doors. Their
brains are absolutely set madding with Punch and the Puppet-Show, the Flying
Horses, Signior Polito, the Fire-Eater, the celebrated Mr. Paap, and the Irish
Giant. The children too lavish all their holiday money in toys and gilt
gingerbread, and fill the house with the Lilliputian din of drums, trumpets,
and penny whistles.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">To act
above their station.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
neighbors met with good-will, parted with a shake of the hand, and never abused
each other except behind their backs.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…a passion of high life…a bit of gold
lace round the errand boy’s hat…and they took to reading novels, talked bad
French, and playing upon the piano.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Dissension
comes to Little Britain when the family of Mr. Lamb, a retired butcher, begins
to act above their station.]</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
family of the Lambs had long been among the most thriving and popular in the
neighborhood: the Miss Lambs were the belles of Little Britain, and everybody
was pleased when Old Lamb had made money enough to shut up shop and put his
name on a brass plate on his door. In an evil hour, however, one of the Miss
Lambs had the honor of being a lady in attendance on the Lady Mayoress at her
grand annual ball, on which occasion she wore three towering ostrich feathers
on her head. The family never got over it; they were immediately smitten with a
passion for high life; set up a one-horse carriage, put a bit of gold lace
round the errand-boy’s hat, and have been the talk and detestation of the whole
neighborhood ever since…they took to reading novels, talking bad French, and
playing upon the piano… <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">What
was still worse, the Lambs gave a grand ball, to which they neglected to invite
any of their old neighbors; but they had a great deal of genteel company from
Theobald’s Road, Red Lion Square, and other parts towards the west. There were
several beaux of their brother’s acquaintance from Gray’s Inn Lane and Hatton
Garden, and not less than three aldermen’s ladies with their daughters. This
was not to be forgotten or forgiven. All Little Britain was in an uproar with
the smacking of whips, the lashing of in miserable horses, and the rattling and
jingling of hackney-coaches. The gossips of the neighborhood might be seen
popping their night-caps out at every window, watching the crazy vehicles
rumble by; and there was a knot of virulent old cronies that kept a look-out
from a house just opposite the retired butcher’s and scanned and criticised
every one that knocked at the door.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">This
dance was a cause of almost open war, and the whole neighborhood declared they
would have nothing more to say to the Lambs. It is true that Mrs. Lamb, when
she had no engagements with her quality acquaintance, would give little humdrum
tea-junketings to some of her old cronies, “quite,” as she would say, “in a
friendly way;” and it is equally true that her invitations were always
accepted, in spite of all previous vows to the contrary. Nay, the good ladies
would sit and be delighted with the music of the Miss Lambs, who would
condescend to strum an Irish melody for them on the piano; and they would
listen with wonderful interest to Mrs. Lamb’s anecdotes of Alderman Plunket’s
family, of Portsoken Ward, and the Miss Timberlakes, the rich heiresses of Crutched
Friars but then they relieved their consciences and averted the reproaches of
their confederates by canvassing at the next gossiping convocation everything
that had passed, and pulling the Lambs and their rout all to pieces.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
only one of the family that could not be made fashionable was the retired
butcher himself. Honest Lamb, in spite of the meekness of his name, was a
rough, hearty old fellow, with the voice of a lion, a head of black hair like a
shoe-brush, and a broad face mottled like his own beef. It was in vain that the
daughters always spoke of him as “the old gentleman,” addressed him as “papa”
in tones of infinite softness, and endeavored to coax him into a dressing-gown
and slippers and other gentlemanly habits. Do what they might, there was no
keeping down the butcher. His sturdy nature would break through all their
glozings. He had a hearty vulgar good-humor that was irrepressible. His very
jokes made his sensitive daughters shudder, and he persisted in wearing his
blue cotton coat of a morning, dining at two o’clock, and having a “bit of
sausage with his tea.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was doomed, however, to share the unpopularity of his family. He found his old
comrades gradually growing cold and civil to him, no longer laughing at his
jokes, and now and then throwing out a fling at “some people” and a hint about
“quality binding.” This both nettled and perplexed the honest butcher; and his
wife and daughters, with the consummate policy of the shrewder sex, taking
advantage of the circumstance, at length prevailed upon him to give up his
afternoon’s pipe and tankard at Wagstaff’s, to sit after dinner by himself and
take his pint of port—a liquor he detested—and to nod in his chair in solitary
and dismal gentility.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
Miss Lambs might now be seen flaunting along the streets in French bonnets with
unknown beaux, and talking and laughing so loud that it distressed the nerves
of every good lady within hearing. They even went so far as to attempt
patronage, and actually induced a French dancing master to set up in the
neighborhood; but the worthy folks of Little Britain took fire at it, and did
so persecute the poor Gaul that he was fain to pack up fiddle and dancing-pumps
and decamp with such precipitation that he absolutely forgot to pay for his
lodgings.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
had flattered myself, at first, with the idea that all this fiery indignation
on the part of the community was merely the overflowing of their zeal for good
old English manners and their horror of innovation, and I applauded the silent
contempt they were so vociferous in expressing for upstart pride, French
fashions and the Miss Lambs. But I grieve to say that I soon perceived the
infection had taken hold, and that my neighbors, after condemning, were
beginning to follow their example. I overheard my landlady importuning her
husband to let their daughters have one quarter at French and music, and that
they might take a few lessons in quadrille. I even saw, in the course of a few
Sundays, no less than five French bonnets, precisely like those of the Miss Lambs,
parading about Little Britain.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Their
ambition…broke out into a blaze.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
still had my hopes that all this folly would gradually die away, that the Lambs
might move out of the neighborhood, might die, or might run away with
attorneys’ apprentices, and that quiet and simplicity might be again restored
to the community. But unluckily a rival power arose. An opulent oilman died,
and left a widow with a large jointure and a family of buxom daughters. The
young ladies had long been repining in secret at the parsimony of a prudent
father, which kept down all their elegant aspirings. Their ambition, being now
no longer restrained, broke out into a blaze, and they openly took the field
against the family of the butcher. It is true that the Lambs, having had the
first start, had naturally an advantage of them in the fashionable career. They
could speak a little bad French, play the piano, dance quadrilles, and had
formed high acquaintances; but the Trotters were not to be distanced. When the
Lambs appeared with two feathers in their hats, the Miss Trotters mounted four
and of twice as fine colors. If the Lambs gave a dance, the Trotters were sure
not to be behindhand; and, though they might not boast of as good company, yet
they had double the number and twice as merry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Irving’s
character has tried to act the gentleman and stay friendly with both families
in the dispute]: I stand therefore in high favor with both parties…As I am too
civil not to agree with the ladies on all occasions, I have committed myself
most horribly with both parties by abusing their opponents. I might manage to
reconcile this to my conscience, which is a truly accommodating one, but I
cannot to my apprehension: if the Lambs and Trotters ever come to a
reconciliation and compare notes, I am ruined!</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Stratford-on-Avon</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Irving
describes an ordinary man resting by the fire]: The arm-chair is his throne,
the poker his scepter, and the little parlor, some twelve feet square, his
undisputed empire.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[He’s
skeptical when it comes to hucksters peddling pieces of Shakespeare’s tree to
tourists]: There was an ample supply also of Shakespeare’s mulberry tree, which
seems to have as extraordinary powers of self-multiplication as the wood of the
true cross, of which there is enough extant to build a ship of the line.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">There
is nothing like resolute good-humored credulity in these matters…</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Irving
meets a typical Englishman of the town]: His dwelling was a cottage…a picture
of that neatness, order, and comfort, which pervade the humblest dwelling in
this country.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Of
Shakespeare, he writes]: …it is his good or evil lot that scarcely any thing
remains to his biographers but a scanty handful of conjectures.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
inscription on the Bard’s grave:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Good friend, for Jesus’ sake, forbeare<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">To dig the dust inclosed here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Blessed be he that spares these stones,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">And curst be he that moves my bones.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Irving
mourns the early death of a great poet]: …what fruit might not have been
expected from the golden autumn of such a mind…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Traits of the Indian Character</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">To be
doubly wronged by the white men.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
has been the lot of the unfortunate aborigines of America in the early periods
of colonization to be doubly wronged by the white men. They have been
dispossessed of their hereditary possessions by mercenary and frequently wanton
warfare, and their characters have been traduced by bigoted and interested
writers. The colonists often treated them like beasts of the forest, and the
author has endeavored to justify him in his outrages. The former found it
easier to exterminate than to civilize; the latter to vilify than to
discriminate. The appellations of savage and pagan were deemed sufficient to
sanction the hostilities of both; and thus the poor wanderers of the forest
were persecuted and defamed, not because they were guilty, but because they
were ignorant.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…in war he has been regarded as a
ferocious animal whose life or death was a question of mere precaution and
convenience. Man is cruelly wasteful of life when his own safety is endangered
and he is sheltered by impunity, and little mercy is to be expected from him
when he feels the sting of the reptile and is conscious of the power to
destroy.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
current opinion of the Indian character, however, is too apt to be formed from
the miserable hordes which infest the frontiers and hang on the skirts of the
settlements. These are too commonly composed of degenerate beings, corrupted
and enfeebled by the vices of society, without being benefited by its
civilization. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Poverty,
repining and hopeless poverty, a canker of the mind unknown in savage life,
corrodes their spirits and blights every free and noble quality of their
natures. They become drunken, indolent, feeble, thievish, and
pusillanimous. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“For,”
says an old historian of New England, “their life is so void of care, and they
are so loving also, that they make use of those things they enjoy as common
goods, and are therein so compassionate that rather than one should starve
through want, they would starve all; thus they pass their time merrily, not
regarding our pomp, but are better content with their own, which some men
esteem so meanly of.” </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
have adduced this anecdote at some length, as it tends to show how these sudden
acts of hostility, which have been attributed to caprice and perfidy, may often
arise from deep and generous motives, which our inattention to Indian character
and customs prevents our properly appreciating.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…The cruelty of the Indians towards
their prisoners…They cannot but be sensible that the white men are the usurpers
of their ancient dominion, the cause of their degradation, and the gradual
destroyers of their race. They go forth to battle smarting with injuries and
indignities which they have individually suffered, and they are driven to
madness and despair by the wide-spreading desolation and the overwhelming ruin
of European warfare. The whites have too frequently set them an example of
violence by burning their villages and laying waste their slender means of
subsistence, and yet they wonder that savages do not show moderation and
magnanimity towards those who have left them nothing but mere existence and
wretchedness.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Surrounded
by hostile tribes, whose mode of warfare is by ambush and surprisal, he is
always prepared to fight, and lives with weapons in his hands.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…Facts are occasionally to be met with
in the rude annals of the eastern provinces which, though recorded with the
coloring of prejudice and bigotry, yet speak for themselves, and will be dwelt
on with applause and sympathy when prejudice shall have passed away.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">They
will vanish like a vapor from the face of the earth.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
one of the homely narratives of the Indian wars in New England there is a
touching account of the desolation carried into the tribe of the Pequod
Indians. Humanity shrinks from the cold-blooded detail of indiscriminate
butchery. In one place we read of the surprisal of an Indian fort in the night,
when the wigwams were wrapped in flames and the miserable inhabitants shot down
and slain in attempting to escape, “all being despatched and ended in the
course of an hour.” After a series of similar transactions “our soldiers,” as
the historian piously observes, “being resolved by God’s assistance to make a
final destruction of them,” the unhappy savages being hunted from their homes
and fortresses and pursued with fire and sword, a scanty but gallant band, the
sad remnant of the Pequod warriors, with their wives and children took refuge
in a swamp.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Burning
with indignation and rendered sullen by despair, with hearts bursting with
grief at the destruction of their tribe, and spirits galled and sore at the
fancied ignominy of their defeat, they refused to ask their lives at the hands
of an insulting foe, and preferred death to submission.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
the night drew on they were surrounded in their dismal retreat, so as to render
escape impracticable. Thus situated, their enemy “plied them with shot all the
time, by which means many were killed and buried in the mire.” In the darkness
and fog that preceded the dawn of day some few broke through the besiegers and
escaped into the woods; “the rest were left to the conquerors, of which many
were killed in the swamp, like sullen dogs who would rather, in their
self-willedness and madness, sit still and be shot through or cut to pieces”
than implore for mercy. When the day broke upon this handful of forlorn but
dauntless spirits, the soldiers, we are told, entering the swamp, “saw several
heaps of them sitting close together, upon whom they discharged their pieces,
laden with ten or twelve pistol bullets at a time, putting the muzzles of the
pieces under the boughs, within a few yards of them; so as, besides those that
were found dead, many more were killed and sunk into the mire, and never were
minded more by friend or foe.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">They
will vanish like a vapor from the face of the earth; their very history will be
lost in forgetfulness; and “the places that now know them will know them no
more forever.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[An
old warrior explains the situation of the tribes]: “We are driven back,” said
an old warrior, “until we can retreat no farther—our hatchets are broken, our
bows are snapped, our fires are nearly extinguished; a little longer and the
white man will cease to persecute us, for we shall cease to exist!”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Philip of Pokanoket</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
typical Native American is:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Impassive
– fearing but the shame of fear – Campbell<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
is painful to perceive, even from these partial narratives, how the footsteps
of civilization may be traced in the blood of the aborigines; how easily the
colonists were moved to hostility by the lust of conquest; how merciless and
exterminating was their warfare. The imagination shrinks at the idea of how
many intellectual beings were hunted from the earth, how many brave and noble
hearts, of Nature’s sterling coinage, were broken down and trampled in the
dust.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Irving
focuses on Massasoit, so long friendly to the Pilgrims]: Shortly before his
death he came once more to New Plymouth with his son Alexander, for the purpose
of renewing the covenant of peace and of securing it to his posterity.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">At
this conference he endeavored to protect the religion of his forefathers from
the encroaching zeal of the missionaries, and stipulated that no further
attempt should be made to draw off his people from their ancient faith; but,
finding the English obstinately opposed to any such condition, he mildly
relinquished the demand. Almost the last act of his life was to bring his two
sons, Alexander and Philip (as they had been named by the English), to the
residence of a principal settler, recommending mutual kindness and confidence,
and entreating that the same love and amity which had existed between the white
men and himself might be continued afterwards with his children. The good old
sachem died in peace, and was happily gathered to his fathers before sorrow
came upon his tribe; his children remained behind to experience the ingratitude
of white men.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">His
eldest son, Alexander, succeeded him. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
successor of Alexander was Metacomet, or King Philip…the whites…He considered
them as originally but mere intruders…</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…it was enough for Philip to know that
before the intrusion of the Europeans his countrymen were lords of the soil,
and that now they were becoming vagabonds in the land of their fathers.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Philip
disguised his true feelings]: and resided peaceably for many years at
Pokanoket, or as, it was called by the English, Mount Hope [New Bristol, R.I.],
the ancient seat of dominion of his tribe. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
is difficult at this distant period to assign the proper credit due to these
early accusations against the Indians. There was a proneness to suspicion and
an aptness to acts of violence on the part of the whites that gave weight and
importance to every idle tale. Informers abounded where tale-bearing met with
countenance and reward, and the sword was readily unsheathed when its success
was certain and it carved out empire.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sausaman,
the treacherous informer, was shortly afterwards found dead in a pond, having
fallen a victim to the vengeance of his tribe. Three Indians, one of whom was a
friend and counsellor of Philip, were apprehended and tried, and on the
testimony of one very questionable witness were condemned and executed as
murderers.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
the early chronicles of these dark and melancholy times we meet with many
indications of the diseased state of the public mind. The gloom of religious
abstraction and the wildness of their situation among trackless forests and
savage tribes had disposed the colonists to superstitious fancies, and had
filled their imaginations with the frightful chimeras of witchcraft and
spectrology. They were much given also to a belief in omens. The troubles with
Philip and his Indians were preceded, we are told, by a variety of those awful
warnings which forerun great and public calamities. The perfect form of an
Indian bow appeared in the air at New Plymouth, which was looked upon by the
inhabitants as a “prodigious apparition.” At Hadley, Northampton, and other towns
in their neighborhood “was heard the report of a great piece of ordnance, with
a shaking of the earth and a considerable echo.”* </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*The Rev. Increase Mather’s History<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Nothing
to expect…but humiliation, dependence, and decay.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
nature of the contest that ensued was such as too often distinguishes the
warfare between civilized men and savages. On the part of the whites it was
conducted with superior skill and success, but with a wastefulness of the blood
and a disregard of the natural rights of their antagonists: on the part of the
Indians it was waged with the desperation of men fearless of death, and who had
nothing to expect from peace but humiliation, dependence, and decay.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
events of the war are transmitted to us by a worthy clergyman of the time, who
dwells with horror and indignation on every hostile act of the Indians, however
justifiable, whilst he mentions with applause the most sanguinary atrocities of
the whites. Philip is reviled as a murderer and a traitor, without considering
that he was a true-born prince gallantly fighting at the head of his subjects
to avenge the wrongs of his family, to retrieve the tottering power of his
line, and to deliver his native land from the oppression of usurping strangers.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[The
colonists hesitated to follow the Native Americans into the wilds, swampy
ground, for]: … the Indian could thread their labyrinths with the agility of a
deer. Into one of these, the great swamp of Pocasset Neck, was Philip once
driven with a band of his followers. The English did not dare to pursue him,
fearing to venture into these dark and frightful recesses, where they might
perish in fens and miry pits or be shot down by lurking foes. They therefore
invested the entrance to the Neck, and began to build a fort with the thought
of starving out the foe; but Philip and his warriors wafted themselves on a
raft over an arm of the sea in the dead of night, leaving the women and
children behind, and escaped away to the westward, kindling the flames of war
among the tribes of Massachusetts and the Nipmuck country and threatening the
colony of Connecticut.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
this way Philip became a theme of universal apprehension. The mystery in which
he was enveloped exaggerated his real terrors. He was an evil that walked in
darkness, whose coming none could foresee and against which none knew when to
be on the alert. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
this time of adversity he found a faithful friend in Canonchet, chief Sachem of
all the Narragansetts.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…A great force was, therefore, gathered
together from Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut, and was sent into the Narragansett country in the depth of winter, when the swamps, being frozen and
leafless, could be traversed with comparative facility, and would no longer
afford dark and impenetrable fastnesses to the Indians...</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Guided
by a renegado Indian, the English penetrated, through December snows, to this
stronghold and came upon the garrison by surprise. The fight was fierce and
tumultuous. The assailants were repulsed in their first attack, and several of
their bravest officers were shot down in the act of storming the fortress,
sword in hand. The assault was renewed with greater success. A lodgment was
effected. The Indians were driven from one post to another. They disputed their
ground inch by inch, fighting with the fury of despair. Most of their veterans
were cut to pieces, and after a long and bloody battle, Philip and Canonchet,
with a handful of surviving warriors, retreated from the fort and took refuge
in the thickets of the surrounding forest.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
victors set fire to the wigwams and the fort; the whole was soon in a blaze;
many of the old men, the women, and the children perished in the flames. This
last outrage overcame even the stoicism of the savage. The neighboring woods
resounded with the yells of rage and despair uttered by the fugitive warriors,
as they beheld the destruction of their dwellings and heard the agonizing cries
of their wives and offspring. “The burning of the wigwams,” says a contemporary
writer, “the shrieks and cries of the women and children, and the yelling of
the warriors, exhibited a most horrible and affecting scene, so that it greatly
moved some of the soldiers.” The same writer cautiously adds, “They were in
much doubt then, and afterwards seriously inquired, whether burning their
enemies alive could be consistent with humanity, and the benevolent principles
of the gospel.” *</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">* MS. of the Rev. W. Ruggles.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Canonchet]:
At length, in dashing through the river, his foot slipped upon a stone, and he
fell so deep as to wet his gun. This accident so struck him with despair that,
as he afterwards confessed, “his heart and his bowels turned within him, and he
became like a rotten stick, void of strength.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">So
noble and unshaken a spirit, so true a fidelity to his cause and his friend,
might have touched the feelings of the generous and the brave; but Canonchet
was an Indian, a being towards whom war had no courtesy, humanity no law,
religion no compassion: he was condemned to die. The last words of his that are
recorded are worthy the greatness of his soul. When sentence of death was
passed upon him, he observed “that he liked it well, for he should die before
his heart was soft or he had spoken anything unworthy of himself.” His enemies
gave him the death of a soldier, for he was shot at Stoningham by three young
Sachems of his own rank.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[King Philip’s problems only mounted]</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">His
stores were all captured; his chosen friends were swept away from before his
eyes; his uncle was shot down by his side; his sister was carried into
captivity; and in one of his narrow escapes he was compelled to leave his
beloved wife and only son to the mercy of the enemy. “His ruin,” says the
historian, “being thus gradually carried on, his misery was not prevented, but
augmented thereby; being himself made acquainted with the sense and
experimental feeling of the captivity of his children, loss of friends,
slaughter of his subjects, bereavement of all family relations, and being
stripped of all outward comforts before his own life should be taken away.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">To
fill up the measure of his misfortunes, his own followers began to plot against
his life, that by sacrificing him they might purchase dishonorable safety.
Through treachery a number of his faithful adherents, the subjects of Wetamoe,
an Indian princess of Pocasset, a near kinswoman and confederate of Philip,
were betrayed into the hands of the enemy. Wetamoe was among them at the time,
and attempted to make her escape by crossing a neighboring river: either
exhausted by swimming or starved with cold and hunger, she was found dead and
naked near the water-side. But persecution ceased not at the grave. Even death,
the refuge of the wretched, where the wicked commonly cease from troubling, was
no protection to this outcast female, whose great crime was affectionate
fidelity to her kinsman and her friend. Her corpse was the object of unmanly
and dastardly vengeance: the head was severed from the body and set upon a
pole, and was thus exposed at Taunton to the view of her captive subjects. They
immediately recognized the features of their unfortunate queen, and were so
affected at this barbarous spectacle that we are told they broke forth into the
“most horrid and diabolical lamentations.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">However
Philip had borne up against the complicated miseries and misfortunes that
surrounded him, the treachery of his followers seemed to wring his heart and
reduce him to despondency. It is said that “he never rejoiced afterwards, nor
had success in any of his designs...” </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Philip,”
he says, “like a savage wild beast, having been hunted by the English forces
through the woods above a hundred miles backward and forward, at last was
driven to his own den upon Mount Hope, where he retired, with a few of his best
friends, into a swamp, which proved but a prison to keep him fast till the
messengers of death came by divine permission to execute vengeance upon him.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">A
body of white men and Indians were immediately despatched to the swamp where
Philip lay crouched, glaring with fury and despair. Before he was aware of
their approach they had begun to surround him. In a little while he saw five of
his trustiest followers laid dead at his feet; all resistance was vain; he
rushed forth from his covert, and made a headlong attempt to escape, but was
shot through the heart by a renegado Indian of his own nation.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was a patriot attached to his native soil – a a prince true to his subjects and
indignant of their wrongs – a soldier daring in battle, firm in adversity,
patient of fatigue, of hunger, of every variety of bodily suffering, and ready
to perish in the cause he had espoused. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9_f_P46XYu3UJa18u35tcFDptDU_dr6r4mnUmR_rBMhSyvIzXOc_cNeNARp2Qgh50Wv-hcdU7e9JUdU71VSQdircqOjjeOEc64aPdEOC874SUXjdTMSOJ6fXS_7-TuZxY86M4jD_zjAYvIb3BH9aqiWg02DAmkEQvTb-edJaLh-9inxcZGF9em_lUq68/s3998/Colonial%20-%20King%20Philip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3998" data-original-width="2400" height="698" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9_f_P46XYu3UJa18u35tcFDptDU_dr6r4mnUmR_rBMhSyvIzXOc_cNeNARp2Qgh50Wv-hcdU7e9JUdU71VSQdircqOjjeOEc64aPdEOC874SUXjdTMSOJ6fXS_7-TuZxY86M4jD_zjAYvIb3BH9aqiWg02DAmkEQvTb-edJaLh-9inxcZGF9em_lUq68/w419-h698/Colonial%20-%20King%20Philip.jpg" width="419" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">John Bull</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">John
Bull, to all appearance, is a plain, downright, matter-of-fact fellow, with
much less of poetry about him than rich prose. There is little of romance in
his nature, but a vast deal of strong natural feeling. He excels in humor more
than in wit; is jolly rather than gay; melancholy rather than morose; can
easily be moved to a sudden tear or surprised into a broad laugh; but he
loathes sentiment and has no turn for light pleasantry. He is a boon companion,
if you allow him in to have his humor and to talk about himself; and he will
stand by a friend in a quarrel with life and purse, however soundly he may be
cudgelled.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Like
some choleric, bottle-bellied old spider.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span>In
this last respect, to tell the truth, he has a propensity to be somewhat too
ready. He is a busy-minded personage, who thinks not merely for himself and
family, but for all the country round, and is most generously disposed to be
everybody’s champion. He is continually volunteering his services to settle his
neighbor’s affairs, and takes it in great dudgeon if they engage in any matter
of consequence without asking his advice, though he seldom engages in any
friendly office of the kind without finishing by getting into a squabble with
all parties, and then railing bitterly at their ingratitude. He unluckily took
lessons in his youth in the noble science of defence, and having accomplished
himself in the use of his limbs and his weapons and become a perfect master at
boxing and cudgel-play, he has had a troublesome life of it ever since.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
cannot hear of a quarrel between the most distant of his neighbors but he
begins incontinently to fumble with the head of his cudgel, and consider
whether his interest or honor does not require that he should meddle in the
broil. Indeed, he has extended his relations of pride and policy so completely
over the whole country that no event can take place without infringing some of
his finely-spun rights and dignities. Couched in his little domain, with these
filaments stretching forth in every direction, he is like some choleric,
bottle-bellied old spider who has woven his web over a whole chamber, so that a
fly cannot buzz nor a breeze blow without startling his repose and causing him
to sally forth wrathfully from his den.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Its
walls within are storied with the monuments of John’s ancestors, and it is
snugly fitted up with soft cushions and well-lined chairs, where such of his
family as are inclined to church services may doze comfortably in the discharge
of their duties.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…the family chaplain… is of great use
in exhorting the tenants to read their Bibles, say their prayers, and, above
all, to pay their rents punctually and without grumbling.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
secret of the matter is, that John has a great disposition to protect and
patronize. He thinks it indispensable to the dignity of an ancient and
honorable family to be bounteous in its appointments and to be eaten up by
dependents; and so, partly from pride and partly from kind-heartedness, he
makes it a rule always to give shelter and maintenance to his superannuated
servants.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
consequence is, that, like many other venerable family establishments, his
manor is incumbered by old retainers whom he cannot turn off, and an old style
which he cannot lay down. </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Instead
of strutting about as formerly with his three-cornered hat on one side,
flourishing his cudgel, and bringing it down every moment with a hearty thump
upon the ground, looking every one sturdily in the face, and trolling out a
stave of a catch or a drinking-song, he now goes about whistling thoughtfully
to himself, with his head drooping down, his cudgel tucked under his arm, and
his hands thrust to the bottom of his breeches pockets, which are evidently
empty.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Such
is the plight of honest John Bull at present…</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">All
that I wish is, that John’s present troubles teach him more prudence in
future…[that he may] long enjoy, on his paternal lands, a green, an honorable,
and a merry old age.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Pride of the Village</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; margin: 3pt 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On returning to the inn I learnt the whole story
of the deceased. It was a simple one, and such as has often been told. She had
been the beauty and pride of the village. Her father had once been an opulent
farmer, but was reduced in circumstances. This was an only child, and brought
up entirely at home in the simplicity of rural life. She had been the pupil of
the village pastor, the favorite lamb of his little flock. The good man watched
over her education with paternal care; it was limited and suitable to the
sphere in which she was to move, for he only sought to make her an ornament to
her station in life, not to raise her above it. The tenderness and indulgence
of her parents and the exemption from all ordinary occupations had fostered a
natural grace and delicacy of character that accorded with the fragile
loveliness of her form. She appeared like some tender plant of the garden
blooming accidentally amid the hardier natives of the fields.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; margin: 3pt 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; margin: 3pt 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The superiority of her charms was felt and
acknowledged by her companions, but without envy, for it was surpassed by the
unassuming gentleness and winning kindness of her manners. It might be truly
said of her:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; margin: 3pt 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“This is the prettiest low-born lass, that ever<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ran on the green-sward: nothing she does or seems<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But smacks of something greater than herself;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Too noble for this place.”</span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">At
first, he wants only a conquest.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[A
young officer, veteran of the wars with Napoleon, visits the village. He
dallies with the attentions of the girl. At first, he wants only a conquest,
one of which he can brag to fellow officers. Then he falls in love.]</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">His
heart had not yet been rendered sufficiently cold and selfish by a wandering
and a dissipated life: it caught fire from the very flame it sought to kindle,
and before he was aware of the nature of his situation he became really in
love.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">What
was he to do? There were the old obstacles which so incessantly occur in these
heedless attachments. His rank in life, the prejudices of titled connections,
his dependence upon a proud and unyielding father, all forbade him to think of
matrimony; but when he looked down upon this innocent being, so tender and
confiding, there was a purity in her manners, a blamelessness in her life, and
a beseeching modesty in her looks that awed down every licentious feeling. In
vain did he try to fortify himself by a thousand heartless examples of men of
fashion, and to chill the glow of generous sentiment with that cold derisive
levity with which he had heard them talk of female virtue: whenever he came
into her presence she was still surrounded by that mysterious but impassive
charm of virgin purity in whose hallowed sphere no guilty thought can live.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
sudden arrival of orders for the regiment to repair to the Continent completed
the confusion of his mind… </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was naturally impetuous, and the sight of beauty apparently yielding in his
arms, the confidence of his power over her, and the dread of losing her forever
all conspired to overwhelm his better feelings: he ventured to propose that she
should leave her home and be the companion of his fortunes.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">She
shrunk back aghast as from a viper.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was quite a novice in seduction, and blushed and faltered at his own baseness;
but so innocent of mind was his intended victim that she was at first at a loss
to comprehend his meaning, and why she should leave her native village and the
humble roof of her parents. When at last the nature of his proposal flashed
upon her pure mind, the effect was withering. She did not weep; she did not
break forth into reproach; she said not a word, but she shrunk back aghast as
from a viper, gave him a look of anguish that pierced to his very soul, and,
clasping her hands in agony, fled, as if for refuge, to her father’s cottage.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[His
regiment much leave at last and]…he passed away like a bright vision from her
sight, and left her all in darkness.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[The
young girl is crushed.] She avoided society and wandered out alone in the walks
she had most frequented with her lover…She became fervent in her devotions at
church…</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">She
felt a conviction that she was hastening to the tomb, but looked forward to it
as a place of rest…there seemed to be no more pleasure under the sun. If ever
her gentle bosom had entertained resentment against her lover, it was
extinguished. She was incapable of angry passions, and in a moment of saddened
tenderness she penned him a farewell letter. It was couched in the simplest
language, but touching from its very simplicity. She told him that she was
dying, and did not conceal from him that his conduct was the cause. She even
depicted the sufferings which she had experienced, but concluded with saying
that she could not die in peace until she had sent him her forgiveness and her
blessing.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">By
degrees her strength declined that she could no longer leave the cottage. She
could only totter to the window, where, propped up in her chair, it was her
enjoyment to sit all day and look out upon the landscape. Still she uttered no
complaint nor imparted to any one the malady that was preying on her heart. She
never even mentioned her lover’s name, but would lay her head on her mother’s
bosom and weep in silence. Her poor parents hung in mute anxiety over this
fading blossom of their hopes, still flattering themselves that it might again
revive to freshness and that the bright unearthly bloom which sometimes flushed
her cheek might be the promise of returning health.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[The
girl’s parents do their best to bring her back to health; but she weakens
steadily. She heard the village church bells ringing in the evening air.] A
tear trembled in her soft blue eye.—Was she thinking of her faithless lover?—or
were her thoughts wandering to that distant church-yard, into whose bosom she
might soon be gathered?</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Suddenly
the clang of hoofs was heard: a horseman galloped to the cottage; he dismounted
before the window; the poor girl gave a faint exclamation and sunk back in her
chair: it was her repentant lover. He rushed into the house and flew to clasp
her to his bosom; but her wasted form, her deathlike countenance—so wan, yet so
lovely in its desolation—smote him to the soul, and he threw himself in agony
at her feet. She was too faint to rise—she attempted to extend her trembling
hand—her lips moved as if she spoke, but no word was articulated; she looked
down upon him with a smile of unutterable tenderness, and closed her eyes
forever.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[The
traveler tells this sad tale; later he visits the village church.]</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
church-door was open and I stepped in. There hung the chaplet of flowers and
the gloves, as on the day of the funeral: the flowers were withered, it is
true, but care seemed to have been taken that no dust should soil their
whiteness. I have seen many monuments where art has exhausted its powers to
awaken the sympathy of the spectator, but I have met with none that spoke more
touchingly to my heart than this simple but delicate memento of departed
innocence.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Angler</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…I suspect that, in like manner, many
of those worthy gentlemen who are given to haunt the sides of pastoral streams
with angle-rods in hand may trace the origin of their passion to the seductive
pages of honest Izaak Walton. I recollect studying his <i>Complete Angler</i>
several years since in company with a knot of friends in America, and moreover
that we were all completely bitten with the angling mania. It was early in the
year, but as soon as the weather was auspicious, and that the spring began to
melt into the verge of summer, we took rod in hand and sallied into the
country, as stark mad as was ever Don Quixote from reading books of chivalry.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…as I have seen some pestilent shrew of
a housewife, after filling her home with uproar and ill-humor, come dimpling
out of doors, swimming and courtesying, and smiling upon all the world.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
recollect also that, after toiling and watching and creeping about for the
greater part of a day, with scarcely any success in spite of all our admirable
apparatus, a lubberly country urchin came down from the hills with a rod made
from a branch of a tree, a few yards of twine, and, as Heaven shall help me! I
believe a crooked pin for a hook, baited with a vile earthworm, and in half an
hour caught more fish than we had nibbles throughout the day!</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…I cannot refrain from uttering these
recollections, which are passing like a strain of music over my mind…</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[Speaking
of the writings of Izaak Walton, Irving says]: From this same treatise it would
appear that angling is a more industrious and devout employment than it is
generally considered: “For when ye purpose to go on your disportes in fishynge
ye will not desyre greatlye many persons with you, which might let you of your
game. And that ye may serve God devoutly in saying effectually your customable
prayers. And thus doying, ye shall eschew and also avoyde many vices, as
ydelness, which is principall cause to induce man to many other vices, as it is
right well known.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">…who does not like now and then to play
the sage?</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“When
I would beget content,” says Izaak Walton, “and increase confidence in the
power and wisdom and providence of Almighty God, I will walk the meadows by
some gliding stream, and there contemplate the lilies that take no care, and
those very many other little living creatures that are not only created, but
fed (man knows not how) by the goodness of the God of Nature, and therefore
trust in Him.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was a regular attendant at church on Sundays, though he generally fell asleep
during the sermon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</span></i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">(Found
among the papers of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker.)</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY0CZxWfHv8Ji7v7m8yDorvPGc5BLBdyB1lPJ_6wHT6u1aY2BiIgDUSFQ_exjO6UdzBrQTIfOt569tIBEu0YA1q7bkA1tEP7dLgXCio8843sDBsktTwpoh30ITeqbPilQDJjQJjyvQ4dbpQYa6yB8-djEjloGYeeFdD9sXalz3pU7DlDnZcEQDhYEVx_U/s2560/Headless%20horseman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1920" data-original-width="2560" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY0CZxWfHv8Ji7v7m8yDorvPGc5BLBdyB1lPJ_6wHT6u1aY2BiIgDUSFQ_exjO6UdzBrQTIfOt569tIBEu0YA1q7bkA1tEP7dLgXCio8843sDBsktTwpoh30ITeqbPilQDJjQJjyvQ4dbpQYa6yB8-djEjloGYeeFdD9sXalz3pU7DlDnZcEQDhYEVx_U/w544-h408/Headless%20horseman.jpg" width="544" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
the bosom of one of those spacious coves which indent the eastern shore of the
Hudson, at that broad expansion of the river denominated by the ancient Dutch
navigators the Tappan Zee, and where they always prudently shortened sail and
implored the protection of St. Nicholas when they crossed, there lies a small
market-town or rural port which by some is called Greensburg, but which is more
generally and properly known by the name of Tarry Town. This name was given, we
are told, in former days by the good housewives of the adjacent country from
the inveterate propensity of their husbands to linger about the village tavern
on market days. Be that as it may, I do not vouch for the fact, but merely
advert to it for the sake of being precise and authentic. Not far from this
village, perhaps about two miles, there is a little valley, or rather lap of
land, among high hills, which is one of the quietest places in the whole world.
A small brook glides through it, with just murmur enough to lull one to repose,
and the occasional whistle of a quail or tapping of a woodpecker is almost the
only sound that ever breaks in upon the uniform tranquillity.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
recollect that when a stripling my first exploit in squirrel-shooting was in a
grove of tall walnut trees that shades one side of the valley. I had wandered
into it at noontime, when all Nature is peculiarly quiet, and was startled by
the roar of my own gun as it broke the Sabbath stillness around and was
prolonged and reverberated by the angry echoes. If ever I should wish for a
retreat whither I might steal from the world and its distractions and dream
quietly away the remnant of a troubled life, I know of none more promising than
this little valley.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">From
the listless repose of the place and the peculiar character of its inhabitants,
who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has
long been known by the name of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and its rustic lads are called
the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all the neighboring country. A drowsy, dreamy
influence seems to hang over the land and to pervade the very atmosphere. Some
say that the place was bewitched by a High German doctor during the early days
of the settlement; others, that an old Indian chief, the prophet or wizard of
his tribe, held his powwows there before the country was discovered by Master
Hendrick Hudson. Certain it is, the place still continues under the sway of
some witching power that holds a spell over the minds of the good people,
causing them to walk in a continual reverie. They are given to all kinds of
marvellous beliefs, are subject to trances and visions, and frequently see
strange sights and hear music and voices in the air. The whole neighborhood
abounds with local tales, haunted spots, and twilight superstitions; stars
shoot and meteors glare oftener across the valley than in any other part of the
country, and the nightmare, with her whole ninefold, seems to make it the
favorite scene of her gambols.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
dominant spirit, however, that haunts this enchanted region, and seems to be
commander-in-chief of all the powers of the air, is the apparition of a figure
on horseback without a head. It is said by some to be the ghost of a Hessian
trooper whose head had been carried away by a cannonball in some nameless
battle during the Revolutionary War, and who is ever and anon seen by the
country-folk hurrying along in the gloom of night as if on the wings of the
wind. His haunts are not confined to the valley, but extend at times to the
adjacent roads, and especially to the vicinity of a church at no great
distance. Indeed, certain of the most authentic historians of those parts, who
have been careful in collecting and collating the floating facts concerning this
spectre, allege that the body of the trooper, having been buried in the
churchyard, the ghost rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of
his head, and that the rushing speed with which he sometimes passes along the
Hollow, like a midnight blast, is owing to his being belated and in a hurry to
get back to the churchyard before daybreak.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Such
is the general purport of this legendary superstition, which has furnished
materials for many a wild story in that region of shadows; and the spectre is
known at all the country firesides by the name of the Headless Horseman of
Sleepy Hollow.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
is remarkable that the visionary propensity I have mentioned is not confined to
the native inhabitants of the valley, but is unconsciously imbibed by every one
who resides there for a time. However wide awake they may have been before they
entered that sleepy region, they are sure in a little time to inhale the
witching influence of the air and begin to grow imaginative—to dream dreams and
see apparitions.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
mention this peaceful spot with all possible laud, for it is in such little
retired Dutch valleys, found here and there embosomed in the great State of New
York, that population, manners, and customs remain fixed, while the great
torrent of migration and improvement, which is making such incessant changes in
other parts of this restless country, sweeps by them unobserved. They are like
those little nooks of still water which border a rapid stream where we may see
the straw and bubble riding quietly at anchor or slowly revolving in their
mimic harbor, undisturbed by the rush of the passing current. Though many years
have elapsed since I trod the drowsy shades of Sleepy Hollow, yet I question
whether I should not still find the same trees and the same families vegetating
in its sheltered bosom.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">A
worthy wight of the name of Ichabod Crane.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span>In
this by-place of Nature there abode, in a remote period of American
history—that is to say, some thirty years since—a worthy wight of the name of
Ichabod Crane, who sojourned, or, as he expressed it, “tarried,” in Sleepy
Hollow for the purpose of instructing the children of the vicinity. He was a
native of Connecticut, a State which supplies the Union with pioneers for the
mind as well as for the forest, and sends forth yearly its legions of frontier
woodmen and country schoolmasters. The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable
to his person. He was tall, but exceedingly lank, with narrow shoulders, long
arms and legs, hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves, feet that might
have served for shovels, and his whole frame most loosely hung together. His
head was small, and flat at top, with huge ears, large green glassy eyes, and a
long snip nose, so that it looked like a weathercock perched upon his spindle
neck to tell which way the wind blew. To see him striding along the profile of
a hill on a windy day, with his clothes bagging and fluttering about him, one
might have mistaken him for the genius of Famine descending upon the earth or
some scarecrow eloped from a cornfield.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">His
school-house was a low building of one large room, rudely constructed of logs,
the windows partly glazed and partly patched with leaves of old copybooks. It
was most ingeniously secured at vacant hours by a withe twisted in the handle
of the door and stakes set against the window-shutters, so that, though a thief
might get in with perfect ease, he would find some embarrassment in getting
out—-an idea most probably borrowed by the architect, Yost Van Houten, from the
mystery of an eel-pot. The school-house stood in a rather lonely but pleasant
situation, just at the foot of a woody hill, with a brook running close by and
a formidable birch tree growing at one end of it. From hence the low murmur of
his pupils’ voices, conning over their lessons, might be heard in a drowsy
summer’s day like the hum of a bee-hive, interrupted now and then by the
authoritative voice of the master in the tone of menace or command, or,
peradventure, by the appalling sound of the birch as he urged some tardy
loiterer along the flowery path of knowledge. Truth to say, he was a
conscientious man, and ever bore in mind the golden maxim, “Spare the rod and
spoil the child.” Ichabod Crane’s scholars certainly were not spoiled.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
would not have it imagined, however, that he was one of those cruel potentates
of the school who joy in the smart of their subjects; on the contrary, he
administered justice with discrimination rather than severity, taking the
burden off the backs of the weak and laying it on those of the strong. Your
mere puny stripling, that winced at the least flourish of the rod, was passed
by with indulgence; but the claims of justice were satisfied by inflicting a
double portion on some little tough, wrong-headed, broad-skirted Dutch urchin,
who sulked and swelled and grew dogged and sullen beneath the birch. All this
he called “doing his duty by their parents;” and he never inflicted a
chastisement without following it by the assurance, so consolatory to the smarting
urchin, that “he would remember it and thank him for it the longest day he had
to live.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">When
school-hours were over he was even the companion and playmate of the larger
boys, and on holiday afternoons would convoy some of the smaller ones home who
happened to have pretty sisters or good housewives for mothers noted for the
comforts of the cupboard. Indeed it behooved him to keep on good terms with his
pupils. The revenue arising from his school was small, and would have been
scarcely sufficient to furnish him with daily bread, for he was a huge feeder,
and, though lank, had the dilating powers of an anaconda; but to help out his
maintenance he was, according to country custom in those parts, boarded and
lodged at the houses of the farmers whose children he instructed. With these he
lived successively a week at a time, thus going the rounds of the neighborhood
with all his worldly effects tied up in a cotton handkerchief.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">That
all this might not be too onerous on the purses of his rustic patrons, who are
apt to consider the costs of schooling a grievous burden and schoolmasters as
mere drones, he had various ways of rendering himself both useful and
agreeable. He assisted the farmers occasionally in the lighter labors of their
farms, helped to make hay, mended the fences, took the horses to water, drove
the cows from pasture, and cut wood for the winter fire. He laid aside, too,
all the dominant dignity and absolute sway with which he lorded it in his
little empire, the school, and became wonderfully gentle and ingratiating. He
found favor in the eyes of the mothers by petting the children, particularly
the youngest; and like the lion bold, which whilom so magnanimously the lamb
did hold, he would sit with a child on one knee and rock a cradle with his foot
for whole hours together.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
addition to his other vocations, he was the singing-master of the neighborhood
and picked up many bright shillings by instructing the young folks in psalmody.
It was a matter of no little vanity to him on Sundays to take his station in
front of the church-gallery with a band of chosen singers, where, in his own
mind, he completely carried away the palm from the parson. Certain it is, his
voice resounded far above all the rest of the congregation, and there are
peculiar quavers still to be heard in that church, and which may even be heard
half a mile off, quite to the opposite side of the mill-pond on a still Sunday
morning, which are said to be legitimately descended from the nose of Ichabod
Crane. Thus, by divers little makeshifts in that ingenious way which is
commonly denominated “by hook and by crook,” the worthy pedagogue got on
tolerably enough, and was thought, by all who understood nothing of the labor
of headwork, to have a wonderfully easy life of it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Happy
in the smiles of all the country damsels.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
schoolmaster is generally a man of some importance in the female circle of a
rural neighborhood, being considered a kind of idle, gentleman-like personage
of vastly superior taste and accomplishments to the rough country swains, and,
indeed, inferior in learning only to the parson. His appearance, therefore, is
apt to occasion some little stir at the tea-table of a farmhouse and the
addition of a supernumerary dish of cakes or sweetmeats, or, peradventure, the
parade of a silver tea-pot. Our man of letters, therefore, was peculiarly happy
in the smiles of all the country damsels. How he would figure among them in the
churchyard between services on Sundays, gathering grapes for them from the wild
vines that overrun the surrounding trees; reciting for their amusement all the
epitaphs on the tombstones; or sauntering, with a whole bevy of them, along the
banks of the adjacent mill-pond, while the more bashful country bumpkins hung
sheepishly back, envying his superior elegance and address.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">From
his half-itinerant life, also, he was a kind of travelling gazette, carrying
the whole budget of local gossip from house to house, so that his appearance
was always greeted with satisfaction. He was, moreover, esteemed by the women
as a man of great erudition, for he had read several books quite through, and
was a perfect master of Cotton Mather’s History of New England Witchcraft, in
which, by the way, he most firmly and potently believed.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was, in fact, an odd mixture of small shrewdness and simple credulity. His
appetite for the marvellous and his powers of digesting it were equally
extraordinary, and both had been increased by his residence in this spellbound
region. No tale was too gross or monstrous for his capacious swallow. It was
often his delight, after his school was dismissed in the afternoon, to stretch
himself on the rich bed of clover bordering the little brook that whimpered by
his school-house, and there con over old Mather’s direful tales until the
gathering dusk of the evening made the printed page a mere mist before his
eyes. Then, as he wended his way by swamp and stream and awful woodland to the
farmhouse where he happened to be quartered, every sound of Nature at that
witching hour fluttered his excited imagination—the moan of the whip-poor-will*
from the hillside; the boding cry of the tree-toad, that harbinger of storm;
the dreary hooting of the screech-owl, or the sudden rustling in the thicket of
birds frightened from their roost. The fire-flies, too, which sparkled most
vividly in the darkest places, now and then startled him as one of uncommon
brightness would stream across his path; and if, by chance, a huge blockhead of
a beetle came winging his blundering flight against him, the poor varlet was
ready to give up the ghost, with the idea that he was struck with a witch’s
token. His only resource on such occasions, either to drown thought or drive
away evil spirits, was to sing psalm tunes; and the good people of Sleepy
Hollow, as they sat by their doors of an evening, were often filled with awe at
hearing his nasal melody, “in linked sweetness long drawn out,” floating from
the distant hill or along the dusky road.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">* The whip-poor-will is a bird
which is only heard at night. It receives its name from its note, which is
thought to resemble those words.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Another
of his sources of fearful pleasure was to pass long winter evenings with the
old Dutch wives as they sat spinning by the fire, with a row of apples roasting
and spluttering along the hearth, and listen to their marvellous tales of
ghosts and goblins, and haunted fields, and haunted brooks, and haunted
bridges, and haunted houses, and particularly of the headless horseman, or
Galloping Hessian of the Hollow, as they sometimes called him. He would delight
them equally by his anecdotes of witchcraft and of the direful omens and
portentous sights and sounds in the air which prevailed in the earlier times of
Connecticut, and would frighten them woefully with speculations upon comets and
shooting stars, and with the alarming fact that the world did absolutely turn
round and that they were half the time topsy-turvy.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">But
if there was a pleasure in all this while snugly cuddling in the chimney-corner
of a chamber that was all of a ruddy glow from the crackling wood-fire, and
where, of course, no spectre dared to show its face, it was dearly purchased by
the terrors of his subsequent walk homewards. What fearful shapes and shadows
beset his path amidst the dim and ghastly glare of a snowy night! With what
wistful look did be eye every trembling ray of light streaming across the waste
fields from some distant window! How often was he appalled by some shrub
covered with snow, which, like a sheeted spectre, beset his very path! How
often did he shrink with curdling awe at the sound of his own steps on the
frosty crust beneath his feet, and dread to look over his shoulder, lest he
should behold some uncouth being tramping close behind him! And how often was
he thrown into complete dismay by some rushing blast howling among the trees,
in the idea that it was the Galloping Hessian on one of his nightly scourings!</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">All
these, however, were mere terrors of the night, phantoms of the mind that walk
in darkness; and though he had seen many spectres in his time, and been more
than once beset by Satan in divers shapes in his lonely perambulations, yet
daylight put an end to all these evils; and he would have passed a pleasant
life of it, in despite of the devil and all his works, if his path had not been
crossed by a being that causes more perplexity to mortal man than ghosts,
goblins, and the whole race of witches put together, and that was—a woman.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: 0in;">A
blooming lass of fresh eighteen.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Among
the musical disciples who assembled one evening in each week to receive his
instructions in psalmody was Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and only child of
a substantial Dutch farmer. She was a blooming lass of fresh eighteen, plump as
a partridge, ripe and melting and rosy-cheeked as one of her father’s peaches,
and universally famed, not merely for her beauty, but her vast expectations.
She was withal a little of a coquette, as might be perceived even in her dress,
which was a mixture of ancient and modern fashions, as most suited to set off
her charms. She wore the ornaments of pure yellow gold which her
great-great-grandmother had brought over from Saardam, the tempting stomacher
of the olden time, and withal a provokingly short petticoat to display the
prettiest foot and ankle in the country round.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ichabod
Crane had a soft and foolish heart towards the sex, and it is not to be
wondered at that so tempting a morsel soon found favor in his eyes, more
especially after he had visited her in her paternal mansion. Old Baltus Van
Tassel was a perfect picture of a thriving, contented, liberal-hearted farmer.
He seldom, it is true, sent either his eyes or his thoughts beyond the
boundaries of his own farm, but within those everything was snug, happy, and
well-conditioned. He was satisfied with his wealth but not proud of it, and
piqued himself upon the hearty abundance, rather than the style, in which he
lived. His stronghold was situated on the banks of the Hudson, in one of those
green, sheltered, fertile nooks in which the Dutch farmers are so fond of nestling.
A great elm tree spread its broad branches over it, at the foot of which
bubbled up a spring of the softest and sweetest water in a little well formed
of a barrel, and then stole sparkling away through the grass to a neighboring
brook that bubbled along among alders and dwarf willows.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hard
by the farmhouse was a vast barn, that might have served for a church, every
window and crevice of which seemed bursting forth with the treasures of the
farm; the flail was busily resounding within it from morning to night; swallows
and martins skimmed twittering about the eaves; and rows of pigeons, some with
one eye turned up, as if watching the weather, some with their heads under
their wings or buried in their bosoms, and others, swelling, and cooing, and
bowing about their dames, were enjoying the sunshine on the roof. Sleek,
unwieldy porkers were grunting in the repose and abundance of their pens,
whence sallied forth, now and then, troops of sucking pigs as if to snuff the
air. A stately squadron of snowy geese were riding in an adjoining pond,
convoying whole fleets of ducks; regiments of turkeys were gobbling through the
farmyard, and guinea-fowls fretting about it, like ill-tempered housewives,
with their peevish, discontented cry. Before the barn-door strutted the gallant
cock, that pattern of a husband, a warrior, and a fine gentleman, clapping his
burnished wings and crowing in the pride and gladness of his heart—sometimes
tearing up the earth with his feet, and then generously calling his ever-hungry
family of wives and children to enjoy the rich morsel which he had discovered.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
pedagogue’s mouth watered as he looked upon this sumptuous promise of luxurious
winter fare. In his devouring mind’s eye he pictured to himself every
roasting-pig running about with a pudding in his belly and an apple in his
mouth; the pigeons were snugly put to bed in a comfortable pie and tucked in
with a coverlet of crust; the geese were swimming in their own gravy; and the
ducks pairing cosily in dishes, like snug married couples, with a decent
competency of onion sauce. In the porkers he saw carved out the future sleek
side of bacon and juicy relishing ham; not a turkey but he beheld daintily
trussed up, with its gizzard under its wing, and, peradventure, a necklace of
savory sausages; and even bright Chanticleer himself lay sprawling on his back in
a side-dish, with uplifted claws, as if craving that quarter which his
chivalrous spirit disdained to ask while living.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
the enraptured Ichabod fancied all this, and as he rolled his great green eyes
over the fat meadow-lands, the rich fields of wheat, of rye, of buckwheat, and
Indian corn, and the orchards burdened with ruddy fruit, which surrounded the
warm tenement of Van Tassel, his heart yearned after the damsel who was to
inherit these domains, and his imagination expanded with the idea how they
might be readily turned into cash and the money invested in immense tracts of
wild land and shingle palaces in the wilderness. Nay, his busy fancy already
realized his hopes, and presented to him the blooming Katrina, with a whole
family of children, mounted on the top of a wagon loaded with household
trumpery, with pots and kettles dangling beneath, and he beheld himself bestriding
a pacing mare, with a colt at her heels, setting out for Kentucky, Tennessee,
or the Lord knows where.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Brom Bones</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">When
he entered the house the conquest of his heart was complete. It was one of
those spacious farmhouses with high-ridged but lowly-sloping roofs, built in
the style handed down from the first Dutch settlers, the low projecting eaves
forming a piazza along the front capable of being closed up in bad weather.
Under this were hung flails, harness, various utensils of husbandry, and nets
for fishing in the neighboring river. Benches were built along the sides for
summer use, and a great spinning-wheel at one end and a churn at the other
showed the various uses to which this important porch might be devoted. From
this piazza the wondering Ichabod entered the hall, which formed the centre of
the mansion and the place of usual residence. Here rows of resplendent pewter,
ranged on a long dresser, dazzled his eyes. In one corner stood a huge bag of
wool ready to be spun; in another a quantity of linsey-woolsey just from the
loom; ears of Indian corn and strings of dried apples and peaches hung in gay
festoons along the walls, mingled with the gaud of red peppers; and a door left
ajar gave him a peep into the best parlor, where the claw-footed chairs and
dark mahogany tables shone like mirrors; andirons, with their accompanying
shovel and tongs, glistened from their covert of asparagus tops; mock-oranges
and conch-shells decorated the mantelpiece; strings of various-colored birds’
eggs were suspended above it; a great ostrich egg was hung from the centre of
the room, and a corner cupboard, knowingly left open, displayed immense
treasures of old silver and well-mended china.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">From
the moment Ichabod laid his eyes upon these regions of delight the peace of his
mind was at an end, and his only study was how to gain the affections of the
peerless daughter of Van Tassel. In this enterprise, however, he had more real
difficulties than generally fell to the lot of a knight-errant of yore, who
seldom had anything but giants, enchanters, fiery dragons, and such-like
easily-conquered adversaries to contend with, and had to make his way merely
through gates of iron and brass and walls of adamant to the castle keep, where
the lady of his heart was confined; all which he achieved as easily as a man
would carve his way to the centre of a Christmas pie, and then the lady gave
him her hand as a matter of course. Ichabod, on the contrary, had to win his
way to the heart of a country coquette beset with a labyrinth of whims and
caprices, which were forever presenting new difficulties and impediments, and
he had to encounter a host of fearful adversaries of real flesh and blood, the
numerous rustic admirers who beset every portal to her heart, keeping a
watchful and angry eye upon each other, but ready to fly out in the common
cause against any new competitor.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Among these the most formidable was a burly, roaring,
roistering blade of the name of Abraham – or, according to the Dutch
abbreviation, Brom – Van Brunt, the hero of the country round, which rang with
his feats of strength and hardihood. He was broad-shouldered and
double-jointed, with short curly black hair and a bluff but not unpleasant
countenance, having a mingled air of fun and arrogance.</span>From
his Herculean frame and great powers of limb, he had received the nickname of
BROM BONES, by which he was universally known. He was famed for great knowledge
and skill in horsemanship, being as dexterous on horseback as a Tartar. He was
foremost at all races and cockfights, and, with the ascendancy which bodily
strength acquires in rustic life, was the umpire in all disputes, setting his
hat on one side and giving his decisions with an air and tone admitting of no
gainsay or appeal. He was always ready for either a fight or a frolic, but had
more mischief than ill-will in his composition; and with all his overbearing roughness
there was a strong dash of waggish good-humor at bottom. He had three or four
boon companions who regarded him as their model, and at the head of whom he
scoured the country, attending every scene of feud or merriment for miles
around. In cold weather he was distinguished by a fur cap surmounted with a
flaunting fox’s tail; and when the folks at a country gathering descried this
well-known crest at a distance, whisking about among a squad of hard riders,
they always stood by for a squall. Sometimes his crew would be heard dashing
along past the farm-houses at midnight with whoop and halloo, like a troop of
Don Cossacks, and the old dames, startled out of their sleep, would listen for
a moment till the hurry-scurry had clattered by, and then exclaim, “Ay, there
goes Brom Bones and his gang!” The neighbors looked upon him with a mixture of
awe, admiration, and good-will, and when any madcap prank or rustic brawl
occurred in the vicinity always shook their heads and warranted Brom Bones was
at the bottom of it.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">This
rantipole hero had for some time singled out the blooming Katrina for the
object of his uncouth gallantries, and, though his amorous toyings were
something like the gentle caresses and endearments of a bear, yet it was
whispered that she did not altogether discourage his hopes. Certain it is, his
advances were signals for rival candidates to retire who felt no inclination to
cross a line in his amours; insomuch, that when his horse was seen tied to Van
Tassel’s paling on a Sunday night, a sure sign that his master was courting—or,
as it is termed, “sparking”—within, all other suitors passed by in despair and
carried the war into other quarters.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Such
was the formidable rival with whom Ichabod Crane had to contend, and,
considering all things, a stouter man than he would have shrunk from the
competition and a wiser (*)man would have despaired. He had, however, a happy
mixture of pliability and perseverance in his nature; he was in form and spirit
like a supple jack—yielding, but although; though he bent, he never broke and
though he bowed beneath the slightest pressure, yet the moment it was away,
jerk! he was as erect and carried his head as high as ever.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">To
have taken the field openly against his rival would have been madness for he
was not man to be thwarted in his amours, any more than that stormy lover,
Achilles. Ichabod, therefore, made his advances in a quiet and
gently-insinuating manner. Under cover of his character of singing-master, he
made frequent visits at the farm-house; not that he had anything to apprehend
from the meddlesome interference of parents, which is so often a
stumbling-block in the path of lovers. Balt Van Tassel was an easy, indulgent
soul; he loved his daughter better even than his pipe, and, like a reasonable
man and an excellent father, let her have her way in everything. His notable
little wife, too, had enough to do to attend to her housekeeping and manage her
poultry for, as she sagely observed, ducks and geese are foolish things and
must be looked after, but girls can take care of themselves. Thus while the
busy dame bustled about the house or plied her spinning-wheel at one end of the
piazza, honest Balt would sit smoking his evening pipe at the other, watching
the achievements of a little wooden warrior who, armed with a sword in each
hand, was most valiantly fighting the wind on the pinnacle of the barn. In the
meantime, Ichabod would carry on his suit with the daughter by the side of the
spring under the great elm, or sauntering along in the twilight, that hour so
favorable to the lover’s eloquence.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I
profess not to know how women’s hearts are wooed and won. To me they have
always been matters of riddle and admiration. Some seem to have but one
vulnerable point, or door of access, while otheres have a thousand avenues and
may be captured in a thousand different ways. It is a great triumph of skill to
gain the former, but still greater proof of generalship to maintain possession
of the latter, for the man must battle for his fortress at every door and
window. He who wins a thousand common hearts is therefore entitled to some
renown, but he who keeps undisputed sway over the heart of a coquette is indeed
a hero. Certain it is, this was not the case with the redoubtable Brom Bones;
and from the moment Ichabod Crane made his advances, the interests of the
former evidently declined; his horse was no longer seen tied at the palings on
Sunday nights, and a deadly feud gradually arose between him and the preceptor
of Sleepy Hollow.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Brom,
who had a degree of rough chivalry in his nature, would fain have carried
matters to open warfare, and have settled their pretensions to the lady
according to the mode of those most concise and simple reasoners, the
knights-errant of yore—by single combat; but Ichabod was too conscious of the
superior might of his adversary to enter the lists against him: he had
overheard a boast of Bones, that he would “double the schoolmaster up and lay
him on a shelf of his own school-house;” and he was too wary to give him an
opportunity. There was something extremely provoking in this obstinately
pacific system; it left Brom no alternative but to draw upon the funds of
rustic waggery in his disposition and to play off boorish practical jokes upon
his rival. Ichabod became the object of whimsical persecution to Bones and his
gang of rough riders. They harried his hitherto peaceful domains; smoked out
his singing school by stopping up the chimney; broke into the schoolhouse at
night in spite of its formidable fastenings of withe and window stakes, and
turned everything topsy-turvy; so that the poor schoolmaster began to think all
the witches in the country held their meetings there. But, what was still more
annoying, Brom took all opportunities of turning him into ridicule in presence
of his mistress, and had a scoundrel dog whom he taught to whine in the most
ludicrous manner, and introduced as a rival of Ichabod’s, to instruct her in
psalmody.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">All was
now bustle and hubbub in the late quiet school-room.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span>In
this way, matters went on for some time without producing any material effect
on the relative situation of the contending powers. On a fine autumnal
afternoon Ichabod, in pensive mood, sat enthroned on the lofty stool whence he
usually watched all the concerns of his little literary realm. In his hand he
swayed a ferule, that sceptre of despotic power; the birch of justice reposed
on three nails behind the throne, a constant terror to evildoers; while on the
desk before him might be seen sundry contraband articles and prohibited weapons
detected upon the persons of idle urchins, such as half-munched apples,
popguns, whirligigs, fly-cages, and whole legions of rampant little paper
gamecocks. Apparently there had been some appalling act of justice recently
inflicted, for his scholars were all busily intent upon their books or slyly
whispering behind them with one eye kept upon the master, and a kind of buzzing
stillness reigned throughout the school-room. It was suddenly interrupted by
the appearance of a negro in tow-cloth jacket and trowsers, a round-crowned
fragment of a hat like the cap of Mercury, and mounted on the back of a ragged,
wild, half-broken colt, which he managed with a rope by way of halter. He came
clattering up to the school door with an invitation to Ichabod to attend a
merry-making or “quilting frolic” to be held that evening at Mynheer Van
Tassel’s; and, having delivered his message with that air of importance and
effort at fine language which a negro is apt to display on petty embassies of
the kind, he dashed over the brook, and was seen scampering away up the hollow,
full of the importance and hurry of his mission.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">All
was now bustle and hubbub in the late quiet school-room. The scholars were
hurried through their lessons without stopping at trifles; those who were
nimble skipped over half with impunity, and those who were tardy had a smart
application now and then in the rear to quicken their speed or help them over a
tall word. Books were flung aside without being put away on the shelves,
inkstands were overturned, benches thrown down, and the whole school was turned
loose an hour before the usual time, bursting forth like a legion of young
imps, yelping and racketing about the green in joy at their early emancipation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
gallant Ichabod now spent at least an extra half hour at his toilet, brushing
and furbishing up his best, and indeed only, suit of rusty black, and arranging
his locks by a bit of broken looking-glass that hung up in the school-house.
That he might make his appearance before his mistress in the true style of a
cavalier, he borrowed a horse from the farmer with whom he was domiciliated, a
choleric old Dutchman of the name of Hans Van Ripper, and, thus gallantly
mounted, issued forth like a knight-errant in quest of adventures.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">But
it is meet I should, in the true spirit of romantic story, give some account of
the looks and equipments of my hero and his steed. The animal he bestrode was a
broken-down plough-horse that had outlived almost everything but his
viciousness. He was gaunt and shagged, with a ewe neck and a head like a
hammer; his rusty mane and tail were tangled and knotted with burrs; one eye
had lost its pupil and was glaring and spectral, but the other had the gleam of
a genuine devil in it. Still, he must have had fire and mettle in his day, if
we may judge from the name he bore of Gunpowder. He had, in fact, been a
favorite steed of his master’s, the choleric Van Ripper, who was a furious
rider, and had infused, very probably, some of his own spirit into the animal;
for, old and broken down as he looked, there was more of the lurking devil in
him than in any young filly in the country.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ichabod
was a suitable figure for such a steed. He rode with short stirrups, which
brought his knees nearly up to the pommel of the saddle; his sharp elbows stuck
out like grasshoppers’; he carried his whip perpendicularly in his hand like a
sceptre; and as his horse jogged on the motion of his arms was not unlike the
flapping of a pair of wings. A small wool hat rested on the top of his nose,
for so his scanty strip of forehead might be called, and the skirts of his
black coat fluttered out almost to his horse’s tail. Such was the appearance of
Ichabod and his steed as they shambled out of the gate of Hans Van Ripper, and
it was altogether such an apparition as is seldom to be met with in broad
daylight.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
was, as I have said, a fine autumnal day, the sky was clear and serene, and
Nature wore that rich and golden livery which we always associate with the idea
of abundance. The forests had put on their sober brown and yellow, while some
trees of the tenderer kind had been nipped by the frosts into brilliant dyes of
orange, purple, and scarlet. Streaming files of wild-ducks began to make their
appearance high in the air; the bark of the squirrel might be heard from the
groves of beech and hickory nuts, and the pensive whistle of the quail at
intervals from the neighboring stubble-field.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
small birds were taking their farewell banquets. In the fulness of their
revelry they fluttered, chirping and frolicking, from bush to bush and tree to
tree, capricious from the very profusion and variety around them. There was the
honest cock robin, the favorite game of stripling sportsmen, with its loud
querulous note; and the twittering blackbirds, flying in sable clouds; and the
golden-winged woodpecker, with his crimson crest, his broad black gorget, and
splendid plumage; and the cedar-bird, with its red-tipt wings and yellow-tipt
tail and its little monteiro cap of feathers; and the blue jay, that noisy
coxcomb, in his gay light-blue coat and white under-clothes, screaming and
chattering, bobbing and nodding and bowing, and pretending to be on good terms
with every songster of the grove.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
delicate little dimpled hand of Katrina Van Tassel.</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
Ichabod jogged slowly on his way his eye, ever open to every symptom of
culinary abundance, ranged with delight over the treasures of jolly Autumn. On
all sides he beheld vast store of apples—some hanging in oppressive opulence on
the trees, some gathered into baskets and barrels for the market, others heaped
up in rich piles for the cider-press. Farther on he beheld great fields of
Indian corn, with its golden ears peeping from their leafy coverts and holding
out the promise of cakes and hasty pudding; and the yellow pumpkins lying
beneath them, turning up their fair round bellies to the sun, and giving ample
prospects of the most luxurious of pies; and anon he passed the fragrant
buckwheat-fields, breathing the odor of the beehive, and as he beheld them soft
anticipations stole over his mind of dainty slapjacks, well buttered and
garnished with honey or treacle by the delicate little dimpled hand of Katrina
Van Tassel.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Thus
feeding his mind with many sweet thoughts and “sugared suppositions,” he
journeyed along the sides of a range of hills which look out upon some of the
goodliest scenes of the mighty Hudson. The sun gradually wheeled his broad disk
down into the west. The wide bosom of the Tappan Zee lay motionless and glassy,
excepting that here and there a gentle undulation waved and prolonged the blue
shadow of the distant mountain. A few amber clouds floated in the sky, without
a breath of air to move them. The horizon was of a fine golden tint, changing
gradually into a pure apple green, and from that into the deep blue of the
mid-heaven. A slanting ray lingered on the woody crests of the precipices that
overhung some parts of the river, giving greater depth to the dark-gray and
purple of their rocky sides. A sloop was loitering in the distance, dropping
slowly down with the tide, her sail hanging uselessly against the mast, and as
the reflection of the sky gleamed along the still water it seemed as if the
vessel was suspended in the air.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
was toward evening that Ichabod arrived at the castle of the Heer Van Tassel,
which he found thronged with the pride and flower of the adjacent country—old
farmers, a spare leathern-faced race, in homespun coats and breeches, blue
stockings, huge shoes, and magnificent pewter buckles; their brisk withered
little dames, in close crimped caps, long-waisted shortgowns, homespun
petticoats, with scissors and pincushions and gay calico pockets hanging on the
outside; buxom lasses, almost as antiquated as their mothers, excepting where a
straw hat, a fine ribbon, or perhaps a white frock, gave symptoms of city
innovation; the sons, in short square-skirted coats with rows of stupendous
brass buttons, and their hair generally queued in the fashion of the times,
especially if they could procure an eel-skin for the purpose, it being esteemed
throughout the country as a potent nourisher and strengthener of the hair.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Brom
Bones, however, was the hero of the scene, having come to the gathering on his
favorite steed Daredevil—a creature, like himself full of metal and mischief,
and which no one but himself could manage. He was, in fact, noted for
preferring vicious animals, given to all kinds of tricks, which kept the rider
in constant risk of his neck, for he held a tractable, well-broken horse as
unworthy of a lad of spirit.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Fain
would I pause to dwell upon the world of charms that burst upon the enraptured
gaze of my hero as he entered the state parlor of Van Tassel’s mansion. Not
those of the bevy of buxom lasses with their luxurious display of red and
white, but the ample charms of a genuine Dutch country tea-table in the
sumptuous time of autumn. Such heaped-up platters of cakes of various and
almost indescribable kinds, known only to experienced Dutch housewives! There
was the doughty doughnut, the tenderer oily koek, and the crisp and crumbling
cruller; sweet cakes and short cakes, ginger cakes and honey cakes, and the
whole family of cakes. And then there were apple pies and peach pies and
pumpkin pies; besides slices of ham and smoked beef; and moreover delectable
dishes of preserved plums and peaches and pears and quinces; not to mention
broiled shad and roasted chickens; together with bowls of milk and cream,—all
mingled higgledy-piggledy, pretty much as I have enumerated them, with the
motherly teapot sending up its clouds of vapor from the midst. Heaven bless the
mark! I want breath and time to discuss this banquet as it deserves, and am too
eager to get on with my story. Happily, Ichabod Crane was not in so great a
hurry as his historian, but did ample justice to every dainty.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He
was a kind and thankful creature, whose heart dilated in proportion as his skin
was filled with good cheer, and whose spirits rose with eating as some men’s do
with drink. He could not help, too, rolling his large eyes round him as he ate,
and chuckling with the possibility that he might one day be lord of all this
scene of almost unimaginable luxury and splendor. Then, he thought, how soon
he’d turn his back upon the old school-house, snap his fingers in the face of
Hans Van Ripper and every other niggardly patron, and kick any itinerant
pedagogue out of doors that should dare to call him comrade!</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Old
Baltus Van Tassel moved about among his guests with a face dilated with content
and good-humor, round and jolly as the harvest moon. His hospitable attentions
were brief, but expressive, being confined to a shake of the hand, a slap on
the shoulder, a loud laugh, and a pressing invitation to “fall to and help
themselves.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">And
now the sound of the music from the common room, or hall, summoned to the
dance. The musician was an old gray-headed negro who had been the itinerant
orchestra of the neighborhood for more than half a century. His instrument was
as old and battered as himself. The greater part of the time he scraped on two
or three strings, accompanying every movement of the bow with a motion of the
head, bowing almost to the ground and stamping with his foot whenever a fresh
couple were to start.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Brom
Bones, sorely smitten with love and jealousy.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ichabod
prided himself upon his dancing as much as upon his vocal powers. Not a limb,
not a fibre about him was idle; and to have seen his loosely hung frame in full
motion and clattering about the room you would have thought Saint Vitus
himself, that blessed patron of the dance, was figuring before you in person.
He was the admiration of all the negroes, who, having gathered, of all ages and
sizes, from the farm and the neighborhood, stood forming a pyramid of shining
black faces at every door and window, gazing with delight at the scene, rolling
their white eyeballs, and showing grinning rows of ivory from ear to ear. How
could the flogger of urchins be otherwise than animated and joyous? The lady of
his heart was his partner in the dance, and smiling graciously in reply to all
his amorous oglings, while Brom Bones, sorely smitten with love and jealousy,
sat brooding by himself in one corner.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">When
the dance was at an end Ichabod was attracted to a knot of the sager folks,
who, with old Van Tassel, sat smoking at one end of the piazza gossiping over
former times and drawing out long stories about the war.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">This
neighborhood, at the time of which I am speaking, was one of those highly
favored places which abound with chronicle and great men. The British and
American line had run near it during the war; it had therefore been the scene
of marauding and infested with refugees, cow-boys, and all kinds of border
chivalry. Just sufficient time had elapsed to enable each storyteller to dress
up his tale with a little becoming fiction, and in the indistinctness of his
recollection to make himself the hero of every exploit.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">There
was the story of Doffue Martling, a large blue-bearded Dutchman, who had nearly
taken a British frigate with an old iron nine-pounder from a mud breastwork,
only that his gun burst at the sixth discharge. And there was an old gentleman
who shall be nameless, being too rich a mynheer to be lightly mentioned, who,
in the battle of Whiteplains, being an excellent master of defence, parried a
musket-ball with a small sword, insomuch that he absolutely felt it whiz round
the blade and glance off at the hilt: in proof of which he was ready at any
time to show the sword, with the hilt a little bent. There were several more
that had been equally great in the field, not one of whom but was persuaded
that he had a considerable hand in bringing the war to a happy termination.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">But
all these were nothing to the tales of ghosts and apparitions that succeeded.
The neighborhood is rich in legendary treasures of the kind. Local tales and
superstitions thrive best in these sheltered, long-settled retreats but are
trampled under foot by the shifting throng that forms the population of most of
our country places. Besides, there is no encouragement for ghosts in most of
our villages, for they have scarcely had time to finish their first nap and
turn themselves in their graves before their surviving friends have travelled
away from the neighborhood; so that when they turn out at night to walk their
rounds they have no acquaintance left to call upon. This is perhaps the reason
why we so seldom hear of ghosts except in our long-established Dutch
communities.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
immediate causes however, of the prevalence of supernatural stories in these
parts, was doubtless owing to the vicinity of Sleepy Hollow. There was a
contagion in the very air that blew from that haunted region; it breathed forth
an atmosphere of dreams and fancies infecting all the land. Several of the
Sleepy Hollow people were present at Van Tassel’s, and, as usual, were doling
out their wild and wonderful legends. Many dismal tales were told about funeral
trains and mourning cries and wailings heard and seen about the great tree
where the unfortunate Major Andre was taken, and which stood in the
neighborhood. Some mention was made also of the woman in white that haunted the
dark glen at Raven Rock, and was often heard to shriek on winter nights before
a storm, having perished there in the snow. The chief part of the stories,
however, turned upon the favorite spectre of Sleepy Hollow, the headless
horseman, who had been heard several times of late patrolling the country, and,
it was said, tethered his horse nightly among the graves in the churchyard.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
sequestered situation of this church seems always to have made it a favorite
haunt of troubled spirits. It stands on a knoll surrounded by locust trees and
lofty elms, from among which its decent whitewashed walls shine modestly forth,
like Christian purity beaming through the shades of retirement. A gentle slope
descends from it to a silver sheet of water bordered by high trees, between
which peeps may be caught at the blue hills of the Hudson. To look upon its
grass-grown yard, where the sunbeams seem to sleep so quietly, one would think
that there at least the dead might rest in peace. On one side of the church
extends a wide woody dell, along, which raves a large brook among broken rocks
and trunks of fallen trees. Over a deep black part of the stream, not far from
the church, was formerly thrown a wooden bridge; the road that led to it and
the bridge itself were thickly shaded by overhanging trees, which cast a gloom
about it even in the daytime, but occasioned a fearful darkness at night. Such
was one of the favorite haunts of the headless horseman, and the place where he
was most frequently encountered. The tale was told of old Brouwer, a most
heretical disbeliever in ghosts, how he met the horseman returning from his
foray into Sleepy Hollow, and was obliged to get up behind him; how they
galloped over bush and brake, over hill and swamp, until they reached the
bridge, when the horseman suddenly turned into a skeleton, threw old Brouwer
into the brook, and sprang away over the tree-tops with a clap of thunder.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
Hessian bolted and vanished in a flash of fire.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">This
story was immediately matched by a thrice-marvellous adventure of Brom Bones,
who made light of the galloping Hessian as an arrant jockey. He affirmed that
on returning one night from the neighboring village of Sing-Sing he had been
over taken by this midnight trooper; that he had offered to race with him for a
bowl of punch, and should have won it too, for Daredevil beat the goblin horse
all hollow, but just as they came to the church bridge the Hessian bolted and
vanished in a flash of fire.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">All
these tales, told in that drowsy undertone with which men talk in the dark, the
countenances of the listeners only now and then receiving a casual gleam from
the glare of a pipe, sank deep in the mind of Ichabod. He repaid them in kind
with large extracts from his invaluable author, Cotton Mather, and added many
marvellous events that had taken place in his native state of Connecticut and
fearful sights which he had seen in his nightly walks about Sleepy Hollow.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
revel now gradually broke up. The old farmers gathered together their families
in their wagons, and were heard for some time rattling along the hollow roads
and over the distant hills. Some of the damsels mounted on pillions behind
their favorite swains, and their light-hearted laughter, mingling with the
clatter of hoofs, echoed along the silent woodlands, sounding fainter and
fainter until they gradually died away, and the late scene of noise and frolic
was all silent and deserted. Ichabod only lingered behind, according to the
custom of country lovers, to have a tete-a-tete with the heiress, fully
convinced that he was now on the high road to success.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">What
passed at this interview I will not pretend to say, for in fact I do not know.
Something, however, I fear me, must have gone wrong, for he certainly sallied
forth, after no very great interval, with an air quite desolate and
chop-fallen. Oh these women! these women! Could that girl have been playing off
any of her coquettish tricks? Was her encouragement of the poor pedagogue all a
mere sham to secure her conquest of his rival? Heaven only knows, not I! Let it
suffice to say, Ichabod stole forth with the air of one who had been sacking a
hen-roost, rather than a fair lady’s heart. Without looking to the right or
left to notice the scene of rural wealth on which he had so often gloated, he
went straight to the stable, and with several hearty cuffs and kicks roused his
steed most uncourteously from the comfortable quarters in which he was soundly
sleeping, dreaming of mountains of corn and oats and whole valleys of timothy
and clover.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
was the very witching time of night that Ichabod, heavy-hearted and
crestfallen, pursued his travel homewards along the sides of the lofty hills
which rise above Tarry Town, and which he had traversed so cheerily in the
afternoon. The hour was as dismal as himself. Far below him the Tappan Zee
spread its dusky and indistinct waste of waters, with here and there the tall
mast of a sloop riding quietly at anchor under the land. In the dead hush of
midnight he could even hear the barking of the watch-dog from the opposite
shore of the Hudson; but it was so vague and faint as only to give an idea of
his distance from this faithful companion of man. Now and then, too, the
long-drawn crowing of a cock, accidentally awakened, would sound far, far off,
from some farm-house away among the hills; but it was like a dreaming sound in
his ear. No signs of life occurred near him, but occasionally the melancholy
chirp of a cricket, or perhaps the guttural twang of a bull-frog from a
neighboring marsh, as if sleeping uncomfortably and turning suddenly in his
bed.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He had
never felt so lonely and dismal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">All
the stories of ghosts and goblins that he had heard in the afternoon now came
crowding upon his recollection. The night grew darker and darker; the stars
seemed to sink deeper in the sky, and driving clouds occasionally had them from
his sight. He had never felt so lonely and dismal. He was, moreover,
approaching the very place where many of the scenes of the ghost-stories had
been laid. In the centre of the road stood an enormous tulip tree which towered
like a giant above all the other trees of the neighborhood and formed a kind of
landmark. Its limbs were gnarled and fantastic, large enough to form trunks for
ordinary trees, twisting down almost to the earth and rising again into the
air. It was connected with the tragical story of the unfortunate Andre, who had
been taken prisoner hard by, and was universally known by the name of Major
Andre’s tree. The common people regarded it with a mixture of respect and
superstition, partly out of sympathy for the fate of its ill-starred namesake,
and partly from the tales of strange sights and doleful lamentations told
concerning it.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
Ichabod approached this fearful tree he began to whistle: he thought his
whistle was answered; it was but a blast sweeping sharply through the dry
branches. As he approached a little nearer he thought he saw something white
hanging in the midst of the tree: he paused and ceased whistling, but on
looking more narrowly perceived that it was a place where the tree had been
scathed by lightning and the white wood laid bare. Suddenly he heard a groan:
his teeth chattered and his knees smote against the saddle; it was but the
rubbing of one huge bough upon another as they were swayed about by the breeze.
He passed the tree in safety, but new perils lay before him.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">About
two hundred yards from the tree a small brook crossed the road and ran into a
marshy and thickly-wooded glen known by the name of Wiley’s Swamp. A few rough
logs, laid side by side, served for a bridge over this stream. On that side of
the road where the brook entered the wood a group of oaks and chestnuts, matted
thick with wild grape-vines, threw a cavernous gloom over it. To pass this
bridge was the severest trial. It was at this identical spot that the
unfortunate Andre was captured, and under the covert of those chestnuts and
vines were the sturdy yeomen concealed who surprised him. This has ever since
been considered a haunted stream, and fearful are the feelings of the schoolboy
who has to pass it alone after dark.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
he approached the stream his heart began to thump; he summoned up, however, all
his resolution, gave his horse half a score of kicks in the ribs, and attempted
to dash briskly across the bridge; but instead of starting forward, the
perverse old animal made a lateral movement and ran broadside against the
fence. Ichabod, whose fears increased with the delay, jerked the reins on the
other side and kicked lustily with the contrary foot: it was all in vain; his
steed started, it is true, but it was only to plunge to the opposite side of
the road into a thicket of brambles and alder bushes. The schoolmaster now
bestowed both whip and heel upon the starveling ribs of old Gunpowder, who
dashed forward, snuffing and snorting, but came to a stand just by the bridge
with a suddenness that had nearly sent his rider sprawling over his head. Just
at this moment a plashy tramp by the side of the bridge caught the sensitive
ear of Ichabod. In the dark shadow of the grove on the margin of the brook he
beheld something huge, misshapen, black, and towering. It stirred not, but
seemed gathered up in the gloom, like some gigantic monster ready to spring
upon the traveller.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
hair of the affrighted pedagogue rose upon his head with terror.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
hair of the affrighted pedagogue rose upon his head with terror. What was to be
done? To turn and fly was now too late; and besides, what chance was there of
escaping ghost or goblin, if such it was, which could ride upon the wings of
the wind? Summoning up, therefore, a show of courage, he demanded in stammering
accents, “Who are you?” He received no reply. He repeated his demand in a still
more agitated voice. Still there was no answer. Once more he cudgelled the
sides of the inflexible Gunpowder, and, shutting his eyes, broke forth with
involuntary fervor into a psalm tune. Just then the shadowy object of alarm put
itself in motion, and with a scramble and a bound stood at once in the middle
of the road. Though the night was dark and dismal, yet the form of the unknown
might now in some degree be ascertained. He appeared to be a horseman of large
dimensions and mounted on a black horse of powerful frame. He made no offer of
molestation or sociability, but kept aloof on one side of the road, jogging along
on the blind side of old Gunpowder, who had now got over his fright and
waywardness.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ichabod,
who had no relish for this strange midnight companion, and bethought himself of
the adventure of Brom Bones with the Galloping Hessian, now quickened his steed
in hopes of leaving him behind. The stranger, however, quickened his horse to
an equal pace. Ichabod pulled up, and fell into a walk, thinking to lag behind;
the other did the same. His heart began to sink within him; he endeavored to
resume his psalm tune, but his parched tongue clove to the roof of his mouth
and he could not utter a stave. There was something in the moody and dogged
silence of this pertinacious companion that was mysterious and appalling. It
was soon fearfully accounted for. On mounting a rising ground, which brought
the figure of his fellow-traveller in relief against the sky, gigantic in
height and muffled in a cloak, Ichabod was horror-struck on perceiving that he
was headless! but his horror was still more increased on observing that the
head, which should have rested on his shoulders, was carried before him on the
pommel of the saddle. His terror rose to desperation, he rained a shower of
kicks and blows upon Gunpowder, hoping by a sudden movement to give his
companion the slip; but the spectre started full jump with him. Away, then,
they dashed through thick and thin, stones flying and sparks flashing at every
bound. Ichabod’s flimsy garments fluttered in the air as he stretched his long
lank body away over his horse’s head in the eagerness of his flight.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">They
had now reached the road which turns off to Sleepy Hollow; but Gunpowder, who
seemed possessed with a demon, instead of keeping up it, made an opposite turn
and plunged headlong down hill to the left. This road leads through a sandy
hollow shaded by trees for about a quarter of a mile, where it crosses the
bridge famous in goblin story, and just beyond swells the green knoll on which
stands the whitewashed church.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
yet the panic of the steed had given his unskillful rider an apparent advantage
in the chase; but just as he had got halfway through the hollow the girths of
the saddle gave away and he felt it slipping from under him. He seized it by
the pommel and endeavored to hold it firm, but in vain, and had just time to
save himself by clasping old Gunpowder round the neck, when the saddle fell to
the earth, and he heard it trampled under foot by his pursuer. For a moment the
terror of Hans Van Ripper’s wrath passed across his mind, for it was his Sunday
saddle; but this was no time for petty fears; the goblin was hard on his
haunches, and (unskilled rider that he was) he had much ado to maintain his
seat, sometimes slipping on one side, sometimes on another, and sometimes
jolted on the high ridge of his horse’s back-bone with a violence that he
verily feared would cleave him asunder.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In the
very act of hurling his head at him.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">An
opening in the trees now cheered him with the hopes that the church bridge was
at hand. The wavering reflection of a silver star in the bosom of the brook
told him that he was not mistaken. He saw the walls of the church dimly glaring
under the trees beyond. He recollected the place where Brom Bones’ ghostly
competitor had disappeared. “If I can but reach that bridge,” thought Ichabod,
“I am safe.” Just then he heard the black steed panting and blowing close
behind him; he even fancied that he felt his hot breath. Another convulsive
kick in the ribs, and old Gunpowder sprang upon the bridge; he thundered over
the resounding planks; he gained the opposite side; and now Ichabod cast a look
behind to see if his pursuer should vanish, according to rule, in a flash of
fire and brimstone. Just then he saw the goblin rising in his stirrups, and in
the very act of hurling his head at him. Ichabod endeavored to dodge the
horrible missile, but too late. It encountered his cranium with a tremendous
crash; he was tumbled headlong into the dust, and Gunpowder, the black steed,
and the goblin rider passed by like a whirlwind.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
next morning the old horse was found, without his saddle and with the bridle
under his feet, soberly cropping the grass at his master’s gate. Ichabod did
not make his appearance at breakfast; dinner-hour came, but no Ichabod. The
boys assembled at the school-house and strolled idly about the banks of the
brook but no schoolmaster. Hans Van Ripper now began to feel some uneasiness
about the fate of poor Ichabod and his saddle. An inquiry was set on foot, and
after diligent investigation they came upon his traces. In one part of the road
leading to the church was found the saddle trampled in the dirt; the tracks of
horses’ hoofs, deeply dented in the road and evidently at furious speed, were
traced to the bridge, beyond which, on the bank of a broad part of the brook,
where the water ran deep and black, was found the hat of the unfortunate
Ichabod, and close beside it a spattered pumpkin.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
brook was searched, but the body of the schoolmaster was not to be discovered.
Hans Van Ripper, as executor of his estate, examined the bundle which contained
all his worldly effects. They consisted of two shirts and a half, two stocks
for the neck, a pair or two of worsted stockings, an old pair of corduroy
small-clothes, a rusty razor, a book of psalm tunes full of dog’s ears, and a
broken pitch-pipe. As to the books and furniture of the school-house, they
belonged to the community, excepting Cotton Mather’s History of Witchcraft, a
New England Almanac, and a book of dreams and fortune-telling; in which last
was a sheet of foolscap much scribbled and blotted in several fruitless
attempts to make a copy of verses in honor of the heiress of Van Tassel. These
magic books and the poetic scrawl were forthwith consigned to the flames by
Hans Van Ripper, who from that time forward determined to send his children no
more to school, observing that he never knew any good come of this same reading
and writing. Whatever money the schoolmaster possessed—and he had received his
quarter’s pay but a day or two before—he must have had about his person at the
time of his disappearance.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
mysterious event caused much speculation at the church on the following Sunday.
Knots of gazers and gossips were collected in the churchyard, at the bridge,
and at the spot where the hat and pumpkin had been found. The stories of
Brouwer, of Bones, and a whole budget of others were called to mind, and when
they had diligently considered them all, and compared them with the symptoms of
the present case, they shook their heads and came to the conclusion that
Ichabod had been carried off by the galloping Hessian. As he was a bachelor and
in nobody’s debt, nobody troubled his head any more about him, the school was
removed to a different quarter of the hollow and another pedagogue reigned in
his stead.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
is true an old farmer, who had been down to New York on a visit several years
after, and from whom this account of the ghostly adventure was received,
brought home the intelligence that Ichabod Crane was still alive; that he had
left the neighborhood, partly through fear of the goblin and Hans Van Ripper,
and partly in mortification at having been suddenly dismissed by the heiress;
that he had changed his quarters to a distant part of the country, had kept
school and studied law at the same time, had been admitted to the bar, turned
politician, electioneered, written for the newspapers, and finally had been
made a justice of the Ten Pound Court. Brom Bones too, who shortly after his
rival’s disappearance conducted the blooming Katrina in triumph to the altar,
was observed to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was
related, and always burst into a hearty laugh at the mention of the pumpkin;
which led some to suspect that he knew more about the matter than he chose to
tell.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
old country wives, however, who are the best judges of these matters, maintain
to this day that Ichabod was spirited away by supernatural means; and it is a
favorite story often told about the neighborhood round the intervening fire.
The bridge became more than ever an object of superstitious awe, and that may
be the reason why the road has been altered of late years, so as to approach
the church by the border of the mill-pond. The schoolhouse, being deserted,
soon fell to decay, and was reported to be haunted by the ghost of the
unfortunate pedagogue; and the plough-boy, loitering homeward of a still summer
evening, has often fancied his voice at a distance chanting a melancholy psalm
tune among the tranquil solitudes of Sleepy Hollow.</span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-83614305603513867502024-01-30T00:50:00.000-05:002024-01-30T00:50:52.818-05:001820<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">__________</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #403c36; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">“We
have the wolf by the ear.”</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #403c36; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="text-align: start;">Thomas Jefferson<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #403c36; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">__________</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">NOTE TO TEACHERS: I always cited this quote for students, and asked
what Jefferson meant. For classroom purposes, I changed it slightly to, “by the
ears,” and would mimic holding a wolf at arms’ length. What’s the problem with
slavery, then – the wolf – in regard to the nation?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">February</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: The questions revolving around the
admission of Missouri as a slave state quickly fester. “Who would have thought,
Senator James Barbour commented, “that the little <i>speck</i> we…saw [last
session] was to be swelled into the importance that it has now assumed, that
upon its decision depended the duration of the Union.” (24/450)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">It seemed to President Monroe that restricting
slavery would place the control of the nation permanently in the hands of the
Northern states. Since, to his way of thinking, the real objective of these Northern
leaders was power, he believed that they were willing to accept disunion, if
their plans could not be achieved in any other fashion.</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguBj28HLtTclhSVsPawoqKCHH8HYyIZTEOYX3cOMkIfif_l5fsSur6lSRSkuhzH44xX4vWHDfFVM6wgGcbrYl4uf2MMZvCTkTiA6wDrKWzx_R_jvFTa0GBJ5_fqApFWzuCUYvNU1Hwngov2usuoFqZN66M_9CJj1PNZahee4OmKaiJM-fGNAACS8T8ZJM/s3128/Slavery--picking%20tobacco.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3128" data-original-width="2390" height="597" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguBj28HLtTclhSVsPawoqKCHH8HYyIZTEOYX3cOMkIfif_l5fsSur6lSRSkuhzH44xX4vWHDfFVM6wgGcbrYl4uf2MMZvCTkTiA6wDrKWzx_R_jvFTa0GBJ5_fqApFWzuCUYvNU1Hwngov2usuoFqZN66M_9CJj1PNZahee4OmKaiJM-fGNAACS8T8ZJM/w457-h597/Slavery--picking%20tobacco.jpg" width="457" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Slaves picking tobacco.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">March 6</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: The Missouri Compromise is passed. The vote to delete the clause
forbidding slavery passes the Senate, 90-87. Even John Quincy Adams used his
influence to convince friends to vote in favor. A second dispute, over whether
the new state could ban the migration of free Negroes, was solved by a vaguely
worded compromise, asserting that the new state would honor the privileges and
immunities citizens enjoyed under the U.S. Constitution. (24/454)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">March 22</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: Commodore Stephen Decatur dies from
wounds received in a duel.</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">May</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">: President Monroe explains why he was reluctant to help the
Spanish colonies in their revolts: “I am satisfied that had we even joined them
in the war, we should have done them more harm than good, as we might have
drawn all Europe on them, not to speak of the injury we should have done to ourselves.”
(24/410)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">*</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">THE RUSSIANS still have a colony in
Alaska and had establish themselves on the Farallon Islands, right off the bay
of San Francisco, where they had a small fort. Van Loon notes that “the Tsar
suddenly forbade all foreign vessels (including all American vessels) to come
within a hundred miles of his American possessions.” (124/304)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZlS6aeNQ8j_mejrJG8per3UTEujiuTu7yXYKTol5ojxhUa-6r1TJKgsEuc5X8T_zib0shsnZny9jvx9gjPj_AP1Ngit86i6s2mqQ8ihrnqtIRM7EVZY26_-6Iiil1GVKMp82KXymhKTuguG1cGJro_R_UWQoADKx286apuo2aFoh6BA5Z_ESX76Bnx2Q/s2642/Literature%20-%20James%20Fenimore%20Cooper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2642" data-original-width="2109" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZlS6aeNQ8j_mejrJG8per3UTEujiuTu7yXYKTol5ojxhUa-6r1TJKgsEuc5X8T_zib0shsnZny9jvx9gjPj_AP1Ngit86i6s2mqQ8ihrnqtIRM7EVZY26_-6Iiil1GVKMp82KXymhKTuguG1cGJro_R_UWQoADKx286apuo2aFoh6BA5Z_ESX76Bnx2Q/w366-h460/Literature%20-%20James%20Fenimore%20Cooper.jpg" width="366" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">James Fenimore Cooper.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IN THIS YEAR, James Fenimore Cooper
first turns to writing. The following description is from Halleck’s <i>History
of American Literature</i>.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“One of
the outposts of civilization.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">YOUTH. …
He was born in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1789, the year made memorable by the
French Revolution. While he was still an infant, the Cooper family moved to the
southeastern shore of Otsego Lake and founded the village of Cooperstown, at
the point where the Susquehanna River furnishes an outlet for the lake. In this
romantic place he passed the most impressionable part of his boyhood.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At the close of the
eighteenth century, Cooperstown was one of the outposts of civilization. Few
clearings had been made in the vast mysterious forests, which appealed so
deeply to the boy’s imagination, and which still sheltered deer, bear, and
Indians. The most vivid local story which his young ears heard was the account
of the Cherry Valley massacre, which had taken place a few miles from
Cooperstown only eleven years before he was born. Cooper himself felt the
fascination of the trackless forests before he communicated it to his readers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He entered Yale in 1802
[note that he was only 13], but he did not succeed in eradicating his love of
outdoor life and of the unfettered habits of the pioneer, and did not remain to
graduate. The faculty dismissed him in his junior year. …<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooper’s father sent him off to serve a year on
a merchant vessel. The future writer then joined the U.S. Navy as a midshipman.
He resigned from the service in 1811, when he married.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BECOMES AN AUTHOR.—Cooper
had reached the age of thirty without even attempting to write a book. In 1820
he remarked one day to his wife that he thought he could write a better novel
than the one which he was then reading to her. She immediately challenged him
to try, and he promptly wrote the novel called <i>Precaution</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Critics of that period, often British,
“considered American subjects commonplace and uninteresting.” Cooper decided to
write about English life, knew nothing about local color, and the book was a
fizzle.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A patriotic duty to make American subjects fashionable.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This book was soon
forgotten, and Cooper might never have written another, had not some sensible
friends insisted that it was his patriotic duty to make American subjects
fashionable. A friend related to him the story of a spy of Westchester County,
New York, who during the Revolution served the American cause with rare
fidelity and sagacity. Cooper was then living in this very county, and, being
attracted by the subject, he soon completed the first volume of <i>The Spy</i>,
which was at once printed. As he still doubted, however, whether his countrymen
would read “a book that treated of their own familiar interests,” he delayed
writing the second volume for several months. When he did start to write it,
his publisher feared that it might be too long to pay, so before Cooper had
thought out the intervening chapters, he wrote the last chapter and had it
printed and paged to satisfy the publisher. When <i>The Spy</i> was
published in 1821, it immediately sold well in America, although such was the
bondage to English standards of criticism that many who read the book hesitated
to express an opinion until they had heard the verdict from England. When the
English received the book, however, they fairly devoured it, and it became one
of the most widely read tales of the early nineteenth century. Harvey Birch,
the hero of the story, is one of the great characters of our early fiction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooper now adopted writing
as a profession. In less than thirty years, he wrote more than thirty romances,
in most cases of two volumes each. When he went to Europe in 1826, the year of
the publication of <i>The Last of the Mohicans</i>, he found that his work
was as well known abroad as at home. Sir Walter Scott, who met Cooper in Paris,
mentions in his diary for November 6, 1826, a reception by a French princess,
and adds the note, “Cooper was there, so the American and Scotch lions took the
field together.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.3in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A series of libel cases.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Halleck notes that the author’s later years were
marred by an “unfortunate incident.” He returned from Europe in 1833. Four
years later, some of his neighbors in Cooperstown aroused his anger.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here in the summer of 1837
there occurred an unfortunate incident which embittered the rest of his life
and for a while made him the most unpopular of American authors. Some of his
townspeople cut down one of his valuable trees and otherwise misused the picnic
grounds on a part of his estate fronting the lake. When he remonstrated, the
public denounced him and ordered his books removed from the local library. He
then forbade the further use of his grounds by the public. Many of the
newspapers throughout the state misrepresented his action, and he foolishly
sued them for libel. From that time the press persecuted him. He sued the
Albany <i>Evening Journal</i>, edited by Thurlow Weed, and received four
hundred dollars damage. Weed thereupon wrote in the New York <i>Tribune</i>:—<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The value of Mr. Cooper’s character has been
judicially determined. It is worth exactly four hundred dollars.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooper promptly sued <i>The
Tribune</i>, and was awarded two hundred dollars. In the heat of this
controversy Thurlow Weed incautiously opened Cooper’s <i>The Pathfinder</i>,
which had just appeared, and sat up all night to finish the book. During the
progress of these suits, Cooper unfortunately wrote a novel, <i>Home as
Found</i>, satirizing, from a somewhat European point of view, the faults of
his countrymen. A friend, trying to dissuade him from publishing such matter,
wrote, “You lose hold on the American public by rubbing down their shins with
brickbats, as you do.” Cooper, however, published the book in 1838, and then
there was a general rush to attack him. A critic of his <i>History of the
Navy of the United States of America</i> (1839), a work which is still an
authority for the time of which it treats, abused the book and made reflections
on Cooper’s veracity. The author brought suit for libel, and won his case in a
famous trial in which he was his own lawyer. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooper’s reputation suffered greatly and
“diminished the circulation of Cooper’s books in America during the rest of his
life.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even on his deathbed he
thought of the unjust criticism from which he had suffered, and asked his
family not to aid in the preparation of any account of his life. He died in
1851 at the age of sixty-two, and was buried at Cooperstown. Lounsbury thus
concludes an excellent biography of this great writer of romance:—<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“America has had among her representatives of
the irritable race of writers many who have shown far more ability to get on
pleasantly with their fellows than Cooper…. But she counts on the scanty roll
of her men of letters the name of no one who acted from purer patriotism or
loftier principle. She finds among them all no manlier nature and no more
heroic soul.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NOTE TO TEACHERS: My students
always found it interesting when I noted that inanimate objects, such as ships,
and here the nation itself, controlled by men, were referred to by use of the
feminine pronoun.</span></i><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was amusing to tell the
young ladies in class that some feminists had suggested a new word, “womyn,”
not based on men, to describe their sex. We started throwing our arms up in the
air to make a “Y.” I’d see female students in the hall, etc. and throw up the
“Y” and we had fun with it.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Leatherstocking Tales.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Back to Halleck:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GREATEST ROMANCES.—Cooper’s
greatest achievement is the series known as <i>The Leatherstocking Tales</i>.
These all have as their hero Leatherstocking, a pioneer variously known as
Hawkeye, <i>La Longue Carabine</i> (The Long Rifle), and Natty Bumppo.
… Leatherstocking embodies the fearlessness, the energy, the rugged honesty, of
the worthiest of our pioneers, of those men who opened up our vast inland
country and gave it to us to enjoy. Ulysses is no more typically Grecian than
Leatherstocking is American.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Leatherstocking Tales</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> are five in number. The order in which they should be read
to follow the hero from youth to old age is as follows:—<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Deerslayer; or The First War Path</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1841).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Last of the Mohicans; a Narrative of 1757</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1826).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pathfinder; or the Inland Sea</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1840).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pioneers; or the Sources of the Susquehanna</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1823).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Prairie; a Tale</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1827)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">… These books are the
prose <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> of the
eighteenth-century American pioneer. Instead of relating the fall of Ilium,
Cooper tells of the conquest of the wilderness. The wanderings or
Leatherstocking in the forest and the wilderness are substituted for those of
Ulysses on the sea. This story could not have been related with much of the
vividness of an eye-witness of the events, if it had been postponed beyond
Cooper’s day. Before that time had forever passed, he fixed in living romance
one remarkable phase of our country’s development. The persons of this romantic
drama were the Pioneer and the Indian; the stage was the trackless forest and
the unbroken wilderness.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Last of the Mohicans</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> has been the favorite of the greatest number of readers. In
this story Chingachgook, the Indian, and Uncas, his son, share with Hawkeye our
warmest admiration. The American boy longs to enter the fray to aid Uncas.
Cooper knew that the Indian had good traits, and he embodied them in these two
red men. Scott took the same liberty of presenting the finer aspects of
chivalry and neglecting its darker side. Cooper, however, does show an Indian
fiend in Magua.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooper’s work in this
series brings us face to face with the activities of nature and man in God's
great out of doors. Cooper makes us realize that the life of the pioneer was
not without its elemental spirit of poetry. We may feel something of this spirit
in the reply of Leatherstocking to the trembling Cora, when she asked him at
midnight what caused a certain fearful sound:—<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“‘Lady,’ returned the scout, solemnly, ‘I have
listened to all the sounds of the woods for thirty years, as a man will listen,
whose life and death depend so often on the quickness of his ears. There is no
whine of the panther, no whistle of the catbird, nor any invention of the
devilish Mingos, that can cheat me. I have heard the forest moan like mortal
men in their affliction; often and again have I listened to the wind playing
its music in the branches of the girdled trees; and I have heard the lightning
cracking in the air, like the snapping of blazing brush, as it spitted forth
sparks and forked flames; but never have I thought that I heard more than the
pleasure of him, who sported with the things of his hand. But neither the
Mohicans, nor I, who am a white man without a cross, can explain the cry just
heard.’”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="364" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gD82Psv64Uw" width="438" youtube-src-id="gD82Psv64Uw"></iframe></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .3in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .3in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mark Twain’s takedown of Cooper’s writing.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Halleck admits that some of Cooper’s other works
“are almost unreadable,” but admits the writer’s central place in American
literature. Mark Twain later provided </span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3172/3172-h/3172-h.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a hysterical analysis</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of Cooper’s flaws as a
writer.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A sampling:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In his little box of stage properties
[Cooper] kept six or eight cunning devices, tricks, artifices for his savages
and woodsmen to deceive and circumvent each other with, and he was never so
happy as when he was working these innocent things and seeing them go. A
favorite one was to make a moccasined person tread in the tracks of the
moccasined enemy, and thus hide his own trail. Cooper wore out barrels and
barrels of moccasins in working that trick. Another stage-property that he
pulled out of his box pretty frequently was his broken twig. He prized his
broken twig above all the rest of his effects, and worked it the hardest. It is
a restful chapter in any book of his when somebody doesn't step on a dry twig
and alarm all the reds and whites for two hundred yards around. Every time a
Cooper person is in peril, and absolute silence is worth four dollars a minute,
he is sure to step on a dry twig. There may be a hundred handier things to step
on, but that wouldn't satisfy Cooper. Cooper requires him to turn out and find
a dry twig; and if he can't do it, go and borrow one. In fact, the Leather
Stocking Series ought to have been called the Broken Twig Series.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Twain can’t help himself in lambasting Cooper.
My favorite example involves a rather large boat and a rather narrow stream:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 12.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the <i>Deerslayer</i>
tale Cooper has a stream which is fifty feet wide where it flows out of a lake;
it presently narrows to twenty as it meanders along for no given reason; and
yet when a stream acts like that it ought to be required to explain itself.
Fourteen pages later the width of the brook's outlet from the lake has suddenly
shrunk thirty feet, and become “the narrowest part of the stream.” This
shrinkage is not accounted for. The stream has bends in it, a sure indication
that it has alluvial banks and cuts them; yet these bends are only thirty and
fifty feet long. If Cooper had been a nice and punctilious observer he would
have noticed that the bends were oftener nine hundred feet long than short of
it.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 3.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .3in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Six Indians in one sapling.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 12.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooper made the exit of
that stream fifty feet wide, in the first place, for no particular reason; in
the second place, he narrowed it to less than twenty to accommodate some
Indians. He bends a “sapling” to the form of an arch over this narrow passage,
and conceals six Indians in its foliage. They are “laying” for a settler's scow
or ark which is coming up the stream on its way to the lake; it is being hauled
against the stiff current by a rope whose stationary end is anchored in the
lake; its rate of progress cannot be more than a mile an hour. Cooper describes
the ark, but pretty obscurely. In the matter of dimensions “it was little more
than a modern canal-boat.” Let us guess, then, that it was about one hundred
and forty feet long. It was of “greater breadth than common.” Let us guess,
then, that it was about sixteen feet wide. This leviathan had been prowling
down bends which were but a third as long as itself, and scraping between banks
where it had only two feet of space to spare on each side. We cannot too much
admire this miracle. A low-roofed log dwelling occupies “two-thirds of the
ark's length” – a dwelling ninety feet long and sixteen feet wide, let us say a
kind of vestibule train. The dwelling has two rooms – each forty-five feet long
and sixteen feet wide, let us guess. One of them is the bedroom of the Hutter
girls, Judith and Hetty; the other is the parlor in the daytime, at night it is
papa's bedchamber. The ark is arriving at the stream's exit now, whose width
has been reduced to less than twenty feet to accommodate the Indians – say to
eighteen. There is a foot to spare on each side of the boat. Did the Indians
notice that there was going to be a tight squeeze there? Did they notice that
they could make money by climbing down out of that arched sapling and just
stepping aboard when the ark scraped by? No, other Indians would have noticed
these things, but Cooper's Indians never notice anything. Cooper thinks they
are marvelous creatures for noticing, but he was almost always in error about
his Indians. There was seldom a sane one among them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 12.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 12.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The ark is one hundred and
forty feet long; the dwelling is ninety feet long. The idea of the Indians is
to drop softly and secretly from the arched sapling to the dwelling as the ark
creeps along under it at the rate of a mile an hour, and butcher the family. It
will take the ark a minute and a half to pass under. It will take the ninety
foot dwelling a minute to pass under. Now, then, what did the six Indians do?
It would take you thirty years to guess, and even then you would have to give
it up, I believe. Therefore, I will tell you what the Indians did. Their chief,
a person of quite extraordinary intellect for a Cooper Indian, warily watched
the canal-boat as it squeezed along under him, and when he had got his
calculations fined down to exactly the right shade, as he judged, he let go and
dropped. And missed the house! That is actually what he did. He missed the
house, and landed in the stern of the scow. It was not much of a fall, yet it
knocked him silly. He lay there unconscious. If the house had been ninety-seven
feet long he would have made the trip. The fault was Cooper's, not his. The
error lay in the construction of the house. Cooper was no architect.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 12.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 12.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There still remained in the
roost five Indians.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 12.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 12.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The boat has passed under
and is now out of their reach. Let me explain what the five did – you would not
be able to reason it out for yourself. No. 1 jumped for the boat, but fell in
the water astern of it. Then No. 2 jumped for the boat, but fell in the water
still farther astern of it. Then No. 3 jumped for the boat, and fell a good way
astern of it. Then No. 4 jumped for the boat, and fell in the water away
astern. Then even No. 5 made a jump for the boat – for he was a Cooper Indian.
In the matter of intellect, the difference between a Cooper Indian and the
Indian that stands in front of the cigarshop is not spacious. The scow episode
is really a sublime burst of invention; but it does not thrill, because the
inaccuracy of the details throws a sort of air of fictitiousness and general
improbability over it. This comes of Cooper's inadequacy as an observer.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In any case, Halleck writes:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The English critic’s query,
“Who reads an American book?” could have received the answer in 1820, “The
English public is reading Irving.” In 1833, Morse, the inventor of the electric
telegraph, had another answer ready – “Europe is reading Cooper.” He said that
as soon as Cooper’s works were finished they were published in thirty-four
different places in Europe. American literature was commanding attention for
its original work.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Halleck admits Cooper’s faults. In his opinion,
however, writing in 1911, those faults did not,</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seriously interfere with
the enjoyment of his works. A teacher, who was asked to edit critically <i>The
Last of the Mohicans</i>, said that the first time he read it, the narrative
carried him forward with such a rush, and bound him with such a spell, that he
did not notice a single blemish in plot or style. A boy reading the same book
obeyed the order to retire at eleven, but having reached the point where Uncas
was taken prisoner by the Hurons, found the suspense too great, and quietly got
the book and read the next four chapters in bed. Cooper has in a pre-eminent
degree the first absolutely necessary qualification of the writer of fiction –
the power to hold the interest. In some respects he resembles [Sir Walter]
Scott, but although the “Wizard of the North” has a far wider range of
excellence, Leatherstocking surpasses any single one of Scott’s creations and
remains a great original character added to the literature of the world. These
romances have strong ethical influence over the young. They are as pure as mountain
air, and they teach a love for manly, noble, and brave deeds. “He fought for a
principle,” says Cooper’s biographer, “as desperately as other men fight for
life.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .3in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">IN THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION of 1820,
there was only one dissident vote in the Electoral College. And yet, turmoil
over the admission of Missouri as a slave state meant the era of good feelings
was soon ended.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Monroe’s reelection was foreordained. In
Virginia, only 4,321 men out of a white population of 600,000 bothered to go to
the polls.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">“Mr. Monroe has just been reelected with
apparent unanimity,” Henry Clay warned, “but he has not the slightest influence
in Congress. His career was considered as closed. There was nothing further to
be expected by him or from him.” (24/472)</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-35762584512054956752024-01-15T23:10:00.006-05:002024-01-15T23:11:37.921-05:001821<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsk_0X8A0-CRX6YG7p42dumNsznprtMqNoWqu9VkUJlt5mvxCDt4L8atfmGAvfnRQeE0_KIhB1MP4rm89uY26TimaCvpDHGzB5wrosfF2c41APDyQz1NUSQMdPbyX8yIKgijAVMfzieRi5icIiLNcJUa0cXs-GPy9KN7zgJkNgFpVsm_tHApgth0Ibr5U/s4000/Slavery--proud%20African%20American.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 18.6667px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="547" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsk_0X8A0-CRX6YG7p42dumNsznprtMqNoWqu9VkUJlt5mvxCDt4L8atfmGAvfnRQeE0_KIhB1MP4rm89uY26TimaCvpDHGzB5wrosfF2c41APDyQz1NUSQMdPbyX8yIKgijAVMfzieRi5icIiLNcJUa0cXs-GPy9KN7zgJkNgFpVsm_tHApgth0Ibr5U/w410-h547/Slavery--proud%20African%20American.jpg" width="410" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
U.S. Navy schooner <i>Alligator</i>, under the command of Lt. Robert F.
Stockton, carries New Jersey physician Eli Ayres of the American Colonization
Society to the western coast of Africa.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Not
only unenticing but insulting.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> <br /><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Stockton
drops anchor off a rocky headland known as Cape Mesurado. He and Ayres go
ashore </span><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/liberias-founding-document-located-180980339/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">to negotiate a deal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> to purchase a small tract, estimated
now to have been about 140 acres.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Payment would come in the form of
trade goods – including guns, gunpowder, tobacco, rum, tableware, utensils,
shoes, hats, umbrellas and mirrors (together worth roughly $7,000 in today’s
money). Both parties also pledged “to live in peace and friendship for ever.”</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
Colonization Society was then five years old – including slaveholder members,
who feared increasing numbers of free blacks in the South were undermining the
“Peculiar Institution.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">This
signing marks the foundation of the nation that came to be known as Liberia.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">NOTE TO TEACHERS: I think you can assume your students have
never heard of this effort, nor will they understand how Liberia ended up with
a flag modeled on our own, or a capital named Monrovia.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
<i>Smithsonian</i> magazine notes, the most skeptical “antislavery activists,”
in regard to this effort, tended to be native-born black Americans, who had
never laid eyes on the continent of Africa.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">On the other side of the
Atlantic, Black Americans were faced with a fraught choice. Most, like
abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass, found the prospect of emigration not
only unenticing but insulting. As Douglass would later put it in an 1852
newspaper editorial, “There is no sentiment more universally entertained, nor
more firmly held by the free colored people of the United States, than that
this is their own, their native land.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Still, plenty of African
Americans decided to seek a different destiny in Liberia. Once the first few
dozen settlers left Sherbro Island for Cape Mesurado in April 1822, the colony
quickly expanded, and the ACS negotiated further land transfers with local
leaders. By 1838, tens of thousands of free Black American repatriates were
living in the city that would become Liberia’s capital, Monrovia, named after
President James Monroe, who backed the ACS and had been in office at the time
of the Cape Mesurado purchase.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Some who made the journey were
idealists of one sort or another. Take Lott Carey (or Cary; sources differ),
who had purchased his freedom in Virginia around 1813 and left with the first
group of colonists because he hoped to spread Christianity in Africa. “If you
think of coming out you need not fear,” he wrote a friend back home, “for you
will find as fine a spot as ever your eyes beheld.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Open Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As <i>Smithsonian</i> notes, Robert E. Lee freed most of his
slaves before the Civil War, and offered to pay their way to Liberia.
Emigration dropped off sharply after war exploded in 1861.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sadly, the American settlers often discriminated against the
indigenous people. Liberia itself was riven by civil war, starting in 1980, as
the wider population rose up against the elites, mostly descendants of American
settlers.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-75558403916692433502024-01-15T21:57:00.006-05:002024-01-15T21:57:56.437-05:001822<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">July 2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">: In
Charleston, South Carolina, a slave named Denmark Vesey has done his best to
foment a revolt.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">On this day, he and five others are
hanged.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">At trial, however, Vesey has said that
he was wiling to die in the fight for the liberty of his own people, like ___.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><i>NOTE TO TEACHERS:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It always worked to ask classes who they
thought Vesey would have compared himself to. Answer: George Washington.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ6CwlvI6jrJgQwCl39Gk1xzgYaCVEfMMIFOExgGSBnxFbcin4x8AWXOFM09FNI78D8Jgsoxr01R8LQZyLdzXvew_nY_rOB4Ed1W9MsXAbco2_UAS3M-UgjWiEMAvs-wg3shtY3eU4pHdLBSmo5u-V5jrKXYC3HAwA5bxYjwx2ityUf5WdtjjkDAjq8wI/s1632/Slavery--Charleston%20SC%204.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1224" data-original-width="1632" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ6CwlvI6jrJgQwCl39Gk1xzgYaCVEfMMIFOExgGSBnxFbcin4x8AWXOFM09FNI78D8Jgsoxr01R8LQZyLdzXvew_nY_rOB4Ed1W9MsXAbco2_UAS3M-UgjWiEMAvs-wg3shtY3eU4pHdLBSmo5u-V5jrKXYC3HAwA5bxYjwx2ityUf5WdtjjkDAjq8wI/w551-h414/Slavery--Charleston%20SC%204.jpg" width="551" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Charleston, South Carolina home.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><i><br /></i></span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-28859981957119706282024-01-15T21:43:00.004-05:002024-01-15T21:47:48.409-05:001823<p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"> <i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">NOTE TO TEACHERS: It might interest your
students to know that this poem, which many of them have heard, is two hundred
years old. Children haven’t changed much in the last two centuries.</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPvb5CTO3y5BpSOXITXYrokWGTer9l25sdSL7_kq2r1CA8CPst4hnC8MDNzrRjlXDA_zZXD5uJMg5o0mw7rsQmxDDJNTaj02my4AlBYeVMglpTsqwu6h0v6yaJGlwlRxL2Hbegfst-Gmay2RyCpeNZC1QTZbUWh9edsq80xb7mszijM9a5sqWGUymRKHs/s2988/People--Christmas,%20c.%201830.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2988" data-original-width="2507" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPvb5CTO3y5BpSOXITXYrokWGTer9l25sdSL7_kq2r1CA8CPst4hnC8MDNzrRjlXDA_zZXD5uJMg5o0mw7rsQmxDDJNTaj02my4AlBYeVMglpTsqwu6h0v6yaJGlwlRxL2Hbegfst-Gmay2RyCpeNZC1QTZbUWh9edsq80xb7mszijM9a5sqWGUymRKHs/w390-h466/People--Christmas,%20c.%201830.jpg" width="390" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Clement
Clarke Moore publishes a poem which is still popular today:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">A Visit from St.
Nicholas</span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The stockings were hung by the chimney with care,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The children were nestled all snug in their beds;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">While visions of sugar-plums danced in their heads;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And mamma in her 'kerchief, and I in my cap,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Had just settled our brains for a long winter's nap,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I sprang from my bed to see what was the matter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Away to the window I flew like a flash,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Tore open the shutters and threw up the sash.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The moon on the breast of the new-fallen snow,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Gave a lustre of midday to objects below,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When what to my wondering eyes did appear,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But a miniature sleigh and eight tiny rein-deer,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">With a little old driver so lively and quick,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I knew in a moment he must be St. Nick.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And he whistled, and shouted, and called them by name:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Now, Dasher! now, Dancer!
now Prancer and Vixen!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">On, Comet! on, Cupid!
on, Donder and Blitzen!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">To the top of the porch! to the top of the wall!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Now dash away! dash away! dash away all!”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As leaves that before the wild hurricane fly,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">So up to the housetop the coursers they flew<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">With the sleigh full of toys, and St. Nicholas too – <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And then, in a twinkling, I heard on the roof<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The prancing and pawing of each little hoof.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As I drew in my head, and was turning around,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a bound.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">He was dressed all in fur, from his head to his foot,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And his clothes were all tarnished with ashes and soot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A bundle of toys he had flung on his back,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And he looked like a peddler just opening his pack.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">His eyes – how they twinkled! his dimples, how merry!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And the beard on his chin was as white as the snow;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The stump of a pipe he held tight in his teeth,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And the smoke, it encircled his head like a wreath;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">He had a broad face and a little round belly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">That shook when he laughed, like a bowl full of jelly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">He was chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And I laughed when I saw him, in spite of myself;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A wink of his eye and a twist of his head<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Soon gave me to know I had nothing to dread;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">He spoke not a word, but went straight to his work,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And filled all the stockings; then turned with a jerk,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And laying his finger aside of his nose,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And giving a nod, up the chimney he rose;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">He sprang to his sleigh, to his team gave a whistle,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">And away they all flew like the down of a thistle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But I heard him exclaim, ere he drove out of sight – <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night!”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When not writing poems for Christmas, Moore was a Professor
of Oriental (as then called) and Greek Literature, as well as Divinity and
Biblical Learning. He later published a two-volume <i>Hebrew and English
Lexicon</i>.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(<i>See also: 1804</i>.)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-2466896523542312602024-01-15T21:40:00.000-05:002024-01-15T21:40:10.234-05:001824<p> MEXICO<span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;">, newly freed from Spanish rule, opens the State of
Tejas (Texas) to Anglo American settlers. Many bring in slaves and establish
cotton plantations. This sets up a conflict with the Mexican government, which
banned the importation of enslaved people the same year, on the principle of
liberty for all. Many of the new settlers tried to get around the law, by
having slaves classified as “indentured servants” for life.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“The state of Coahuila y Tejas responded by limiting
indenture contracts to ten years, and guaranteeing liberty to the children of
slaves, in a so-called ‘free womb’ law.” </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;">*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Select results, presidential
elections:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: 0in;"> 1824</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Popular vote<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percentage<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Electoral votes</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Andrew Jackson<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>153,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>42%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>99</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">John Quincy Adams<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>114,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>32%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>84</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">William Crawford<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>47,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>13%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>41</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Henry Clay<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>47,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>13%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>37</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNGJWlxlTZ_uaXup3xWMgueriN6B5q6otT-wx9uUvj0DI7BMsCIM6zTpJWMXR50XNdbo4vI9OO5ILzdSn142pynUOU_FUTbIEuF6062lY52lk2Pu9CVHbPpjTmYgWkRANqFzmYw3_QJR1q0k0UdJj3KeSmBBS1V4vlsHVj1bUfDaLM_-_9q555CMHzo0M/s3300/President%20John%20Quincy%20Adams.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3300" data-original-width="2550" height="613" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNGJWlxlTZ_uaXup3xWMgueriN6B5q6otT-wx9uUvj0DI7BMsCIM6zTpJWMXR50XNdbo4vI9OO5ILzdSn142pynUOU_FUTbIEuF6062lY52lk2Pu9CVHbPpjTmYgWkRANqFzmYw3_QJR1q0k0UdJj3KeSmBBS1V4vlsHVj1bUfDaLM_-_9q555CMHzo0M/w473-h613/President%20John%20Quincy%20Adams.jpg" width="473" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1876</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Popular vote<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percentage<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Electoral votes</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Samuel Tilden<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4,300,00<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>51%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>184</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rutherford B. Hayes<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4,000,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <span> </span></span>48%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>185</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><a name="_Hlk156245612"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1960</span></a><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk156245612;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Popular
vote<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percentage<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Electoral votes</span></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">John F. Kennedy<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>34,200,00<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>50.1%<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> <span> </span> </span>303</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Richard M. Nixon<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>34,100,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>49.9%<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> <span> 2</span></span>19</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1984</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Popular vote<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percentage<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Electoral votes</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ronald Reagan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>54,300,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>59%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>525</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Walter Mondale<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>37,500,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>41%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>13</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1992</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Popular vote<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percentage<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Electoral votes</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bill Clinton<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>44,900,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>43%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>370</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">George H.W. Bush<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>39,100,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>38%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> <span> </span></span>168</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">H, Ross Perot<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>19,800,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>19%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2000</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Popular vote<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percentage<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Electoral votes</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Albert Gore Jr.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>51,00,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>48.4%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>266</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">George W. Bush<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>50,500,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>47.9%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>271</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ralph Nader<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,900,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.8%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2016</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Popular vote<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percentage<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Electoral votes</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hillary Clinton<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>65,900,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>48.2%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>232</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Donald Trump<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>63,000,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>46.1%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>306</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gary Johnson<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span> 5,000,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.3%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Others<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span> 3,100,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>---<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2020</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Popular vote<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percentage<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Electoral votes</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Joseph R. Biden Jr.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>81,300,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>51.3%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>306</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Donald Trump<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>74,200,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>46.9%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>232</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Others<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span> 2,300,000<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.4%<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0<o:p></o:p></span></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-62334283655117794142023-10-28T17:50:00.006-04:002023-12-29T16:48:35.005-05:00Site Index - Updated October 28, 2023<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuZqyzijVERem_u7PG9lwWeAdYwKFOT7JuqU0BXzEpiCvC-HGv7U8UMMFZA28axlcnA29R0DTx2PbSWJmZKZ0ddqHM9aMvrgcShClzbNNIiAax5UyIvUkuON6YGYjL6mokl1u2iGFQfQ7hUja71-XqDkKfbhEicRx1AftEgoV6ZmyaCQwlVYDemCi1zjo/s4000/104.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="337" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuZqyzijVERem_u7PG9lwWeAdYwKFOT7JuqU0BXzEpiCvC-HGv7U8UMMFZA28axlcnA29R0DTx2PbSWJmZKZ0ddqHM9aMvrgcShClzbNNIiAax5UyIvUkuON6YGYjL6mokl1u2iGFQfQ7hUja71-XqDkKfbhEicRx1AftEgoV6ZmyaCQwlVYDemCi1zjo/w450-h337/104.jpg" width="450" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">When I was teaching, <br />I got tired of hearing how bad American educators were.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><u>My Promise</u> </span></b></p><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">WHEN I STARTED BLOGGING IN 2011, I said I planned to speak up for good teachers. I would not defend bad ones. </span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">I began by trying to debunk the myth that something was wrong with America’s teachers <i>as a group</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">See: <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2011/05/numbers-dont-lie-our-teachers-and.html"><span style="color: red;">Numbers Don’t Lie: Our Teachers (And Doctors) Are Failing</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">I mocked the idea that U. S. teachers were stupid again in: <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2012/08/americas-teachers-were-dumb-and-we-suck.html"><span style="color: red;">America’s Teachers! We’re Dumb! And We Suck</span><span style="color: red;">!</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">***</span></div><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Recently, I’ve shifted more towards posts that teachers might find useful. I’m retired. So I have plenty of free time to bang away on my keyboard.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2014/08/best-seating-chart-ever.html"><span style="color: red;">Best Seating Chart Ever!</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">I read about this setup in an article long ago. The arrangement helped with discipline and students loved it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2015/08/creative-discipline-for-middle-school.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">“Stupid Essays” as a Creative Punishment and CreativeDiscipline: Angie Collects Belly Button Lint</span></a>: I found that humor and discipline were not mutually exclusive. This worked great for me.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2019/07/first-day-plans-from-veteran-educator.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">First Day Plans from a Veteran Educator</span></a>: My third year I stopped going over rules the first day and dove right into lessons I considered critical<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/01/a-reading-list-for-american-history.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">A Reading List for American History</span></a>: This list of hundreds of books was created for students in my class, but should be of value to teachers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></p><br /><div align="center" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><u>SITE INDEX</u> </span></b></div><div align="center" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></b></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><div style="background: white; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">I am currently posting what I think are interesting stories from American history, divided by years and topics. These appear in the most recent posts. I am saving the post-World War II years for last, and hope to get back to 1607 someday.</span></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I also have:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2023/01/random-pictures-for-history-teachers.html"><span style="color: red;">Maps and Pictures for History Teachers</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, all of which you can use if you like. I either took the pictures
myself, or scanned them out of old sources, now out of copyright (some way out
of copyright.)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Also: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2023/01/maps-and-pictures-for-history-teachers.html"><span style="color: red;">Maps and Pictures for History Teachers, Part II</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (same).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2023/01/maps-and-pictures-for-history-teachers_28.html"><span style="color: red;">Maps and Pictures for History Teachers, Part III</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (same).</span></p></span></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">So far, I have posted all the years, starting in <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1997519179796849230/6233428365511779414" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">1825</span></a>, up to and
including <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1997519179796849230/6233428365511779414" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">1945</span></a>. I will continue to add
to entries as time allows – as I retired from teaching in 2008, and only later
thought of doing this material in this way.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Typically, in one day I posted what I had, so far, for 1858,
1859, and 1860. The Lincoln-Douglas debates are featured in <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1997519179796849230/6233428365511779414" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">1858</span></a>, and questions
revolving around race abound.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1997519179796849230/6233428365511779414" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">1859</span></a>, a good deal of the
focus is on the discovery of gold in the Pike’s Peak Region, in Nevada, and in
the mountains of California, where the town of Bodie grew up and then died out,
and became a ghost town. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(I have a number of good pictures I took during a 2022 visit to
Bodie, and teachers may use them if they like.)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">For <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1997519179796849230/6233428365511779414" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">1860</span></a>, I have included
excerpts from <i>Beloved</i>, by Toni Morrison, a novel about slavery
based in part on the true story of Margaret Garner. I used to read parts of her
work to my seventh and eighth graders.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Not sure you could even do that today. (Good luck, young
teachers!)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRMWGu-oplRWqLUQtJOVeEfuLPpVWzcVTJRF1iV1InQLAtmAHrXGsuQlJiPp938yjhVprb5YNvxMqSwi2YPPS5w1xVvVTbZa_EMyI3nDsMGPajYRukLEOK9GRtyD-Vb4-h2qE37q5N4Hw/s1600/Colorado+camped+near+Leadville.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRMWGu-oplRWqLUQtJOVeEfuLPpVWzcVTJRF1iV1InQLAtmAHrXGsuQlJiPp938yjhVprb5YNvxMqSwi2YPPS5w1xVvVTbZa_EMyI3nDsMGPajYRukLEOK9GRtyD-Vb4-h2qE37q5N4Hw/s640/Colorado+camped+near+Leadville.jpg" width="426" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />Why do people explore: Columbus, Mountain Men or astronauts?<br />Scene near Leadville, Colorado.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj57IzH5hRktbIA-EH8db8iFk-DclXY550tfEMcgj6IZfUWsHpRCWt5uStwRSlyj8cV6g4t9PANQWNkVk3_R4E3ML7aR_bpIhoCD9mIOqT2BRkoo11MkbVMqBHlFy-YaPR74fZq2CIr-J4/s1600/Magliano+note.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj57IzH5hRktbIA-EH8db8iFk-DclXY550tfEMcgj6IZfUWsHpRCWt5uStwRSlyj8cV6g4t9PANQWNkVk3_R4E3ML7aR_bpIhoCD9mIOqT2BRkoo11MkbVMqBHlFy-YaPR74fZq2CIr-J4/s1600/Magliano+note.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="font-family: times;">Teachers make a difference in countless ways.<br />Note to a teacher and former student of mine.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><div style="margin: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">*</span></div><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/04/early-american-civilizations.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Early American Civilizations</span></a>: A Few Interesting Pictures: This post didn’t get much interest; but I’m listing in chronological order.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/04/the-chachapoya-of-peru-d-650-to-1470.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">The Chachapoya of Peru (A.D. 650-1470)</span></a>: Never heard of these people till I stumbled upon their story in National Geographic. A discussion of burial customs—and other cultural customs—is always worth having.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/10/a-simple-lesson-on-cultural-differences.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">A Simple Lesson on Cultural Differences</span></a>: Naming customs captured the interest of my classes, including their own names.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/03/the-battle-for-freedom-in-england-and.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">The Battle for Freedom in England and America</span></a>: I created this document after I retired. It might be of use in your classes. I believe the examples would be useful for teachers to incorporate into lessons.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2016/07/do-you-know-what-declaration-of.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Do You Know what the Declaration of Independence Means? Six Questions</span></a>: Like Abraham Lincoln, I considered an understanding of the Declaration of Independence central to understanding who we are as a people (flaws and all).</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2012/03/women-of-american-revolution.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Remember the Ladies: Women in the American Revolution</span></a>: My students liked this reading and we used it as a basis for skits. My seventh and eighth graders loved doing skits; and we set them up to last the entire period. (See: <a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/03/how-i-worked-skits-in-my-history-class.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">How I Worked Skits in My History Class</span></a>, below.)</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/09/founding-father-vs-founding-father.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Founding Father vs. Founding Father</span></a>: The idea that the Founding Fathers had all the answers is badly flawed, as the Founding Fathers liked to point out to each other.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/10/two-n-words-and-d-word.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Two “N” Words and a “D” Word</span></a>: This was probably my favorite lesson plan every year. (I’m not sure you could do this today in an era when only standardized learning seems to “count.”)</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/06/thomas-jeffersons-slave-son-madison.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Thomas Jefferson’s Slave Son, Madison Hemings, Tells His Story</span></a>: Found this online; it’s very interesting.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/05/teaching-about-slavery-novel-approach.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Teaching about Slavery: A Novel Approach</span></a>: If you’ve never read Gone with the Wind, it’s beautifully written—and full of racist tropes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2022/11/currier-ives-prints-that-might-be-of-use.html"><span style="color: red;">Currier & Ives</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: There are all kinds of possibilities open to teachers who might want to use a print from the company to start a discussion.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/11/gold-rush-silver-rush-few-ideas-for.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">The California Gold Rush, A Few Ideas for Class</span></a>: This topic always interested students, whether we were talking about events in 1849, a Brazilian gold rush in the 1980s, including a “nugget” the size of a briefcase, and the recovery of tons of gold from the wreck of the <i>SS Central America</i>, which sank in 1857.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2019/03/mr-lincolns-army-army-of-potomac-part-i.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Mr. Lincoln’s Army, The Army of the Potomac, Part I</span></a>: I grew up on Bruce Catton’s writings (okay, I’m old); but his stories about the Civil War would resonate with students.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2019/03/glory-road-army-of-potomac-part-ii.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Glory Road, The Army of the Potomac, Part II</span></a>: Same as above; these two posts are quite lengthy; so pick and choose what you can use.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2017/08/retired-teachers-never-quit-teaching.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Retired Teachers Never Quit: Teaching about Gettysburg</span></a>: Here are a few ideas and pictures from Gettysburg you might use.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/06/scars-from-civil-war-and-scars-today.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Scars from the Civil War and Scars Today</span></a>: The soldiers from every war could share their stories of pain and suffering.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/05/a-rebel-soldiers-war-sam-watkins-of.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">A Rebel Soldier’s War: Sam Watkins of the First Tennessee</span></a>: I used this essay in class for years; my students always liked it. Watkins saw tremendous bloodshed, but his humanity and humor come through. (See next listing, below.)</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/03/how-i-worked-skits-in-my-history-class.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">How I Worked Skits in My History Class</span></a>: This was one of my favorite moments in more than three decades of teaching.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/04/a-former-slave-writes-to-his-old-owner.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">A Former Slave Writes to His Master</span></a>: This letter is a classic, if you’ve never seen it.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2022/01/a-selection-of-works-by-native-american.html"><span style="color: red;">A Selection of Works by Native American Painter Bret Learned</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: His work is beautiful, and you could easily use examples to start a discussion on almost any topic related to indigenous peoples.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/03/notes-on-sitting-bull-and-sioux.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Notes on Sitting Bull and the Sioux Culture</span></a>: Again, these notes are quite long; but if you want evidence of the humanity of the people we once considered “savage,” here it is; and Sitting Bull is a great leader.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/03/notes-from-with-custer-on-little-bighorn.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Notes from the Book, <i>With Custer at the Little Big Horn</i></span></a>: An interesting point of view from a cavalryman who survived the fight—and also realized the Native Americans had reason to go to war.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-bride-goes-west-synopsis-for-students.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">A Bride Goes West: A Woman’s View of Frontier Montana</span></a>: If you’re looking for the female perspective, Nannie Alderson’s story of raising a family in Montana in the 1880s and after is great. My students really liked her story.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2019/01/world-war-cartoons-and-pictures.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">World War I Cartoons and Pictures</span></a>: I thought some of these would be useful to teachers.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2015/01/what-difference-century-makes.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What a Difference a Century Makes: 1915-2015</span></a>: I wrote this the year my father would have turned 100; the differences might amaze students. If I was still teaching, I might do a discussion of changes kids think have been for the better, for the worse, and what they think will change in their lifetimes.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/07/a-few-useful-notes-on-hitler-and-nazis.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">A Few Useful Notes on Hitler and the Nazis</span></a>: If you teach about the Holocaust, this may help.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/06/holocaust-photos.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Holocaust Ideas for Teachers</span></a>: Same with this.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2017/09/i-read-mein-kampf-so-you-dont-have-to.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">I Read Mein Kampf, So You Don’t Have To</span></a>: Hitler is quite clear about what he plans to do if he takes power. His ideas are grotesque; and (if you’ve never read this) his prose is often tedious. Here are his main ideas.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="color: red;">“<a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/10/why-not-13-tales-from-holocaust.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Why Not 13?” Stories from the Holocaust</span></a></span>: I have been collecting examples of close calls and heartbreak recently.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-story-of-pearl-harbor.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">The Story of Pearl Harbor</span></a>: My feeling has always been that descriptions in textbooks are brief and superficial. I tried to present stories in greater detail for my classes.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2017/12/a-particular-tragedy-at-pearl-harbor.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">A Particular Tragedy at Pearl Harbor</span></a>: This story is meant to make clear: war is rarely glamorous, often horrible.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2017/08/hiroshima-and-nagasaki.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</span></a>: Students today have almost no knowledge of what nuclear war is really like.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/10/recentlyi-got-interested-in-story-of.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">The Moore’s Ford Bridge Lynching: Four Victims out of 4,400</span></a>: I only recently read about this incident. It’s a shock to realize how recently lynching was still occurring.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2016/01/in-honor-of-martin-luther-king-jr-today.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Honor of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.: 100 Examples of Jim Crow Days</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">My students could always name four or five examples of Jim Crow laws: separate seat on buses, separate drinking fountains, separate schools, separated in sports and in restaurants. This reading gave them a “few” more examples—including bans on interracial checkers playing.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2013/05/emperor-of-b-c-d-auxiliary-post.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">The Emperor of A, B, C, D (Auxiliary Post)</span></a>: More examples of racism and material you probably have to ignore due to standardized testing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(I loathed standardized testing and called it educational malpractice.)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2017/05/a-watergate-refresher-for-2017.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">A Watergate Refresher</span></a>: Students found the story of Watergate to be like a crime show investigation.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2016/05/the-veterans-come-to-loveland-middle.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">The Veterans Come to Loveland Middle School</span></a>: I grew up thinking it would be cool to go to war, joined the Marines, myself, in 1968, and volunteered to go to Vietnam. (I was dumb.) I lucked out—didn’t get sent—but always believed students should have a realistic view regarding warfare. We found we could get plenty of veterans to come in and talk, including about their worst memories.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/08/useful-links-for-american-history.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Useful Links for American History Teachers</span></a>: Self-explanatory.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2013/09/who-were-those-people-who-died-on-911.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Who Were Those People Who Died on 9/11</span></a>: I wrote this after I retired: but I’d use it in class today, if I were still teaching. It would probably make some students cry. It makes me cry.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: red; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1997519179796849230/3703058421201020014"><span style="color: red;">A Few Good Ideas (I Think) for American History</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">: If any of these ideas help you, I’ll be glad I bothered to post them.</span></p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/07/a-few-good-ideas-i-think-for-american_7.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">A Few Good Ideas (I Think) for American History, Part II</span></a>: Same as above.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2016/06/snowballs-fly-in-history-class-and.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">“Snowballs” Fly inHistory Class, and Other Mistakes</span></a>: Nothing like having real blood in the classroom…and a few of my other blunders.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2018/06/history-shows-kids-never-change.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">History Shows: Kids Never Change</span></a>: I recently hit 70; I tell my wife all the time, “If I ever start grumbling about ‘kids today,’ smack me upside the head.” She seemed to agree rather quickly that that was a good idea.</span></div><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">*** </span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">I loved life in the classroom, loved working with teens, and taught for more than three decades. Today, I’m worried about what might happen to young teachers. When I look at current education reforms it appears to me that self-appointed experts (who never teach) are pushing disastrous policies.<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Since I retired, I haven't been writing much about education policies; but Betsy DeVos is always good for a few laughs (or groans). See, for example, </span><br /><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: red; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1997519179796849230/3703058421201020014"><span style="color: red;">Besty Devos: The Amway Secretary of Education</span></a></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1997519179796849230/3703058421201020014"><span style="color: red;">Heroes Who Never Fight: U.S. Secretaries of Education (Betsy DeVos Edition)</span></a></span><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1997519179796849230/3703058421201020014"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: red;">Betsy Devos: The Midas Touch in Education</span></a><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1997519179796849230/3703058421201020014"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: red;">The For-Profit Model in Education: You Get Strippers</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><b><u>My most successful posts, and some of my personal favorites:</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">1) <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2011/06/governor-kasich-puts-bible-and-koran.html"><span style="color: red;">A Perfect Mesh of Common Core and New Technology</span></a>.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">2) <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2012/04/education-expert-goes-to-doctor.html"><span style="color: red;">An Education Expert Goes to the Doctor</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">3) <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2013/09/are-poor-public-schools-killing-u-s.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Are Poor Public Schools Killing the U. S. Economy?</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">4) <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2014/11/corporate-public-schools-its-going-to.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Corporate Public Schools! It’s Going to be Great!</span></a> This one is new; but every ridiculous example is true.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">5)</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2013/11/does-arne-duncan-realize-that-teachers.html"><span style="color: red;">Does Arne Duncan Realize that Teachers and Students Are Dying?</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">6) </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2013/09/do-recent-school-reforms-enhance-or.html"><span style="color: red;">Do Recent School Reforms Help or Hinder Real Learning</span></a>. </span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">7)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2012/04/exxonmobil-announces-commitment-to.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">ExxonMobile Announces Commitment to Fixing U. S. Education</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">8) <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2014/09/hiking-in-glacier-national-park.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Hiking in Glacier National Park</span></a>. This one has nothing to do with education. I just love the park; and if I was still teaching, I would try to convince students to go there someday. Not standardized education, of course.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">9) <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2013/07/nfl-adopts-common-core-playbook-copying.html"><span style="color: red;">How Many Reformers Does it Really Take to Fix a School?</span></a> If you</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">’</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">re a real teacher you already know the answer to this question.</span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">10) <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2012/03/michelle-rhees-perfect-ponzi-scheme.html"><span style="color: red;">Michelle Rhee’s Perfect Ponzi Scheme</span></a>. Speaking of reformers, the lady is a fraud.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />11) <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2013/07/nfl-adopts-common-core-playbook-copying.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">N.F.L Adopts Common Core Playbook</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">12)</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2012/07/lets-privatize-americas-public-schools.html"><span style="color: red;">Privatizing Public Schools and the Loch Ness Monster Bonus</span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">13) <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2014/02/rip-no-child-left-behind-you-were-mulit.html"><span style="color: red;">R.I.P. No Child Left Behind</span></a>. Ten years of reforms and SAT, ACT and PISA scores have all declined. Even NAEP reading scores are flat. (If you’re a real teacher you start to wonder: Do the experts who keep telling us what to do have a clue?)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">14) <a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2011/05/sham-standards-governor-kasich-and.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Sham Standards: Governor Kasich and the Standardized Testing Fetish</span></a>. What happens if we line up fourteen veterans from five different wars to talk to 700 Loveland Middle School students. Is that good education? How do we measure what students learned???<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">15) </span><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2011/12/why-teaching-matters-part-4-books.html" style="font-family: perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">Why Teaching Matters—Part Four (Books)</span></a><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">16)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2012/01/why-teaching-matters-whats-square-root_07.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Why Teaching Matters: What’s the Square Root of Inspiration?</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">17)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2011/07/yellow-brick-road-to-nowhere-teachers.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Yellow Brick Road to Nowhere: Teachers and the Tea Party Movement</span></a>. This is probably my personal favorite, of all my posts. I like the story of the boy who earned a standing ovation from peers in my class.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">18) </span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2015/02/confessions-of-bad-teacher-i-loved.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Confessions of a Bad Teacher</span></a>: Okay, I admit it. I was a no good, rotten, terrible teacher. I didn</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">’</span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">t believe standardized testing did much good. Seven thousand teachers seemed to agree when I put up this post.</span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">19) </span><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2015/02/teachers-anonymous-twelve-step-program.html" style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Teachers Anonymous: A 12-Step Program for Bad Teachers</span></a><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">: Follow up post to the post above. I explain how bad teachers can recover from their delusions and embrace the virtues of standardized tests.</span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">20) </span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><a href="https://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2015/01/2014-year-teachers-became-public-enemy-1.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">2014: The Year Teachers Became the Enemy</span></a>: When did school reformers decide teachers were the biggest </span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">problem in U. S. education? </span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">And </span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">were they </span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">right?</span><br /><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: Perpetua, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now Available: <i>Two Legs Suffice: Lessons Learned by Teaching</i></span></b><br /><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">I KNOW GOOD TEACHING IS extremely hard. I know even the best teachers face victory and defeat in the classroom, oftentimes the same day. I am currently putting the final touches on a book titled <i>Two Legs Suffice: Lessons Learned by Teaching</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">The title relates, in part, to two bicycle rides across America, one at age 58, the second four years later.<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">***</span></div></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">If you’re interested in reading about my first ride go to <a href="http://viall4diabetes2011.com/"><span style="color: red;">viall4diabetes2011.com</span></a>. I transfered the story of my first ride, in 2007, to that blog not long ago. So that story now shows up at the start. (My youngest daughter is a type-1 diabetic and I pedaled to raise money for the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation. Students helped raise more than $13,500 for that great cause.)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">My second ride—including my temporary arrest as a bank robbery suspect—is documented next, at the same site: </span><a href="http://viall4diabetes2011.blogspot.com/" style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">viall4diabetes2011</span></a><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">. I was able to prove my innocence and pedaled 4,615 miles in 58 days, again raising more than $10,000 for JDRF.</span><br /><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><div><div style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>(Send me an email at vilejjv@yahoo.com if you are interested in a copy.)</i></span></div><div style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: start;"></div><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td><div style="margin: 0px;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-NhQd4TwfB_VNZwgti4rV94pv4wV8e4JgJey-_lVyF7EBZ3LT34SygfxU6I9XYSlMaImqetW-2fB-CH8oJ8KVai26rsk6dvmYqcW3vU0AyLtwNzK4hLXhBLhrSp4m88LpmM9yswcD2Bg/s640/Wyoming+landscape+from+hill.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="padding-top: 4px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Wyoming: near Jeffrey City: photo from a bicycle ride across the USA.<br />Students were amazed to learn that the state has only six people per square mile.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: start;"></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="margin: 0in;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">ARMING TEACHERS</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div align="center" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">(This category keeps growing; but I have not updates in years.) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2012/12/arming-teachers-stupid-idea.html"><span style="color: red;">Arming Teachers: A Stupid Idea</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2013/10/another-teacher-killed-in-danvers.html"><span style="color: red;">Another Teacher Killed in Danvers, Massachusetts</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span><u1:p></u1:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1997519179796849230#editor/target=post;postID=8955597149462431373;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=1;src=postname" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Colleen Ritzer: Find Something Good in Every Day</span></a>.<span style="color: red;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><u1:p></u1:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2012/12/problem-solved-arm-all-teachers.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Problem Solved? Arm all the Teachers</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2012/02/shooting-at-chardon-high-school.html"><span style="color: red;">Shooting at Chardon High</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "perpetua" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://ateacheronteaching.blogspot.com/2013/11/will-bulletproof-whiteboards-be-answer.html"><span style="color: red;">Will Bulletproof Whiteboards Be the Answer?</span></a></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-62391554631424973732023-02-10T22:40:00.002-05:002024-03-02T07:02:46.066-05:001825<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB2lv__AA0QDGqwqIRo-tXTGSkEbj6vFlnE9SUexO7eOIbo033PIU0GaFy35tWryC9QlhoRpoOcMQmRy8jeP-kLvAXEwDYsYrE8O044suF7wUKVYht0gqBCMgl6uiU-SlVzfoxnJsjyTSoGn5BZlRgbEgR53n1jLJSNfk-oLTYQ8hQqdm8gNsA1wQW/s4856/Famous%20-%20wife%20of%20John%20Quincy%20Adams.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4856" data-original-width="3618" height="409" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB2lv__AA0QDGqwqIRo-tXTGSkEbj6vFlnE9SUexO7eOIbo033PIU0GaFy35tWryC9QlhoRpoOcMQmRy8jeP-kLvAXEwDYsYrE8O044suF7wUKVYht0gqBCMgl6uiU-SlVzfoxnJsjyTSoGn5BZlRgbEgR53n1jLJSNfk-oLTYQ8hQqdm8gNsA1wQW/w304-h409/Famous%20-%20wife%20of%20John%20Quincy%20Adams.jpg" width="304" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The wife of President John Quincy Adams.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
early as 1744, Ben Franklin had worried that wood as a fuel for heating and
cooking was becoming scarce in the settled regions of the Thirteen Colonies.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As
one modern historian notes, however, old-fashioned fireplaces were “<i>insanely</i>
inefficient,” with up to 90% of the heat disappearing up the chimney. The
discovery of anthracite coal in Pennsylvania changed the dynamic later – since
anthracite burned with less smoke than bituminous coal. The introduction of
stoves, however, struck some as “un-American.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">One
of the first testimonials for the new fuel came in </span><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/americans-hated-coal-180980342/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">an 1825 letter</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> written by Mathew Carey, a Philadelphia publisher who
boasted that coal kept his room “a toasty 60 degrees Fahrenheit during chilly
months. ‘My feet used to be cold almost always at night, in winter,’ he wrote.
‘Since I have used this coal those grievances are removed entirely.’”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
debate remained unsettled for several generations:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In an 1864 essay, Harriet Beecher Stowe
fulminated: “Would our Revolutionary fathers have gone barefooted and bleeding
over snows to defend air-tight stoves and cooking-ranges? I trow [believe]
not.” In his 1843 short story “Fire Worship,” Nathaniel Hawthorne argued
that gathering before a flickering hearth was crucial to bringing families and
citizens together.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Social intercourse cannot long
continue what it has been, now that we have subtracted from it so
important...an element as firelight,” Hawthorne fretted. “While a man was true
to the fireside, so long would he be true to country and law.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The cultural arguments piled up. Food
cooked in stoves was baked, not broiled, and that, too, offended American
tastes. Meanwhile, Andrew Jackson Downing, an early landscape architect, argued
in 1850 that stoves were “secret poisoners,” worse than “slavery ... tobacco,
[or] patent medicines.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“People were blaming coal-fired stoves
for impaired vision, impaired nerves, baldness and tooth decay,” says Barbara
Freese, author of <i>Coal: A Human History</i>. It certainly smelled less
pleasant than wood. Further, coal – particularly soft coal – produces soot,
which choked some towns with dangerous particulates.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Apart from the cultural backlash, coal
was a pain to light. Anthracite stoves often required multiple attempts to
start the flame and demanded constant fiddling with a poker. An 1827 guide for
servants devoted 15 full pages to the black art. One period analysis found the
new stoves added an hour of work to a housewife’s chores.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It
would not be until 1885, that Americans – with increasing numbers living in
burgeoning cities – would burn more coal than wood.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">February 9</span></b><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">: No
candidate for president having won a majority of the electoral votes, the
decision falls to the House of Representatives, as set forth by the U.S.
Constitution, to decide. With each state having a single vote, the final tally
is as follows: 13 states vote for John Quincy Adams, 7 for Andrew Jackson, 4
for William Crawford.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaE9QKJ32E-PEi_DypZjd5CjYMxfUG6hiGcm1bR2ohN5MoBRzSIcidv7lyVpP12-Fym9UWP2oiHXBnIpssfS6sMtHfhfE7NwgiGT-fXMHLLlVV7xWRHSabtpw7AAjirSTHvOIeSYLX_TUPU_zUBMPc__6MRy0ztiErdoHeJVfPa5qSm4vtoRZXLc4ptzU/s9220/President%20John%20Quincy%20Adam's%20administration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6278" data-original-width="9220" height="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaE9QKJ32E-PEi_DypZjd5CjYMxfUG6hiGcm1bR2ohN5MoBRzSIcidv7lyVpP12-Fym9UWP2oiHXBnIpssfS6sMtHfhfE7NwgiGT-fXMHLLlVV7xWRHSabtpw7AAjirSTHvOIeSYLX_TUPU_zUBMPc__6MRy0ztiErdoHeJVfPa5qSm4vtoRZXLc4ptzU/w566-h385/President%20John%20Quincy%20Adam's%20administration.jpg" width="566" /></a><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ladies had been excluded from the
galleries of the House originally, in accordance with British precedent. But
one night at a party a lady expressed her regret to Hon. Fisher Ames, of
Massachusetts, that she could not hear the argument, especially his speeches.
Mr. Ames gallantly replied that he knew of no reason why ladies should not hear
the debates. “Then,” said Mrs. Langdon, “if you will let me know when next you
intend to speak, I will make up a party of ladies and we will go hear you.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The notice was given, the ladies went,
and since then Congressional orators have always had fair hearers – with others
perhaps not very fair.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Benjamin Perley
Poole, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reminiscences</i>; Volume 1, pp.
77-78)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">One in five New England brides reached the
altar in a pregnant state.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The New York Times</span></i><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/09/books/review/doomed-romance-christine-leigh-heyrman.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">reviews</span></a><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Doomed Romance</i>, which tells the story of Martha
Parker, who in 1825, ran afoul of the moral police of the era. Born in
Dunbarton, N.H. in 1804, she was one of eight siblings. They lost their father
when they were young.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">With two
elder sisters, she attended the “deeply religious” Bradford Academy, in Essex
County, Mass.; the eldest, Ann Parker, soon married and went to the Palestine
mission in Beirut. Teaching at another such school, Martha was besotted with
the idea of “forsaking all” for Christ. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">All went
well for her until, at 21, overwhelmed by a crush of courting during the summer
of 1825, she made a series of romantic missteps. Fatefully, she dallied with [Thomas] Tenney, her second cousin, known to her since childhood, an earnest young man
redolent of the “odor of sanctity” who had first courted another of her older
sisters, Emily. His proposal rejected by Emily, he turned to Martha, proposing
again ... causing sisterly astonishment over his fickle affections. Martha
turned him down twice but that summer changed her mind, dangling before him the
prospect of winning his “<i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">highest earthly happiness</span></i>.”
His affections violently rekindled, he decided that “<i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">she loved
me ardently</span></i>.” She and Tenney became engaged that December.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">(Christine Leigh Heyrman, the author of <i>Doomed
Romance</i>, notes that double standards were common in that era, as always.
One in five New England brides, she says, reached the altar in a pregnant
state.)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Martha’s problems revolve around Tenny, and two
other suitors of greater or lesser success. The second is Elisha Jenney, a
student at Dartmouth, who tries to win her affection but fails. The third is
Elnathan Girdley, a Yale grad preparing to go to Palestine “to minister to the
heathen,” as the <i>Times</i> reviewer notes. When Martha first accepts
Tenney’s proposal, then tosses him over for Gridley, who seems to offer her a
chance for “missionary glory,” again, the American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions becomes involved. An investigation results. No taint of
scandal can be allowed to tarnish the reputation of their missionaries, in an
era when some who travel overseas become martyrs, subjects of great admiration,
and spark for significant donations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Martha breaks with Tenney, accepts a proposal
from Gridley, and then faces Tenney’s wrath. He labels her “a base girl, a
deceiver, a liar” in one letter. He comes to believe it is his duty to keep
such a woman from serving as a missionary in, of all places, the Holy Land, or
anywhere else. Tenney testifies against her, and, says the reviewer, the investigating
board “grilled poor Martha like a trout.”</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It was even said that if she married Gridley,
it would be tantamount to “adultery.” Now she broke with her second fiancée.
Gridley headed overseas by himself, and soon died of disease in Turkey.
Under great pressure, Martha Parker agrees to marry Tenney, and is, says the
reviewer, “silenced forthwith.”</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The review continues:</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mining
missionary records, Heyrman unearths some astonishing revelations. Even as
church leaders were turning the screws on women, they were tolerant (given what
would come later) of same-sex relationships. She quotes male partners in the
mission at Beirut, Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons, who had pledged to “give
ourselves to each <i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">other</span></i>,” “our hearts knit together
as the heart of one man.” A pair of Virginia Methodists went further, with one
“covenant brother” telling the other that he dreamed of “kissing you with the
kisses of my Mouth.” She finds revenge too: The Tenneys’ eldest daughter, Mary
Eliza, grew up to join the ranks of foreign missionaries with her aunt Ann’s
help, fulfilling her mother’s ambition. She became a popular writer, and
Heyrman catches her, in her fiction, dissing the very prototype of her
“unprepossessing” father.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYjJgQBJInQCkhO5A39EMoOBTiJNkRW4luGEK-hxjKXLzRPYI5dZFVvRKK9eP8At958QEfXfvYpJ-65PdUCJELne4Jlz8YHLdSRhFzUpOwSorFTLkutdnon7bV4cxXNzT3yHMfU0dQEWmrw5UGnaJSXlBQOIYAtsHYGDd5BNbf7aaNWZCbE0Tl510O5QU/s3014/Government--dance%20at%20the%20White%20House,%201825.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3014" data-original-width="2395" height="528" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYjJgQBJInQCkhO5A39EMoOBTiJNkRW4luGEK-hxjKXLzRPYI5dZFVvRKK9eP8At958QEfXfvYpJ-65PdUCJELne4Jlz8YHLdSRhFzUpOwSorFTLkutdnon7bV4cxXNzT3yHMfU0dQEWmrw5UGnaJSXlBQOIYAtsHYGDd5BNbf7aaNWZCbE0Tl510O5QU/w419-h528/Government--dance%20at%20the%20White%20House,%201825.jpg" width="419" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIQS3j1LW08_4LjfflGfYuuBzEjdm7jluWxLrScXQEzin8kfvXU_px5bGEfzRTFBQqc3biIJmbdaNU8zyclxU3uAgnmJD_By5Lrf63QhllMY8Be5Q8dNqrrfEiTtQ-fqfikS27ZRE4oWKK3CUOETSJUyDsjf0q_U0qUI-O09YYtMGy_NZMxAE802r56nU/s4356/Pioneers%20-%20Cincinnati%201825.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3338" data-original-width="4356" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIQS3j1LW08_4LjfflGfYuuBzEjdm7jluWxLrScXQEzin8kfvXU_px5bGEfzRTFBQqc3biIJmbdaNU8zyclxU3uAgnmJD_By5Lrf63QhllMY8Be5Q8dNqrrfEiTtQ-fqfikS27ZRE4oWKK3CUOETSJUyDsjf0q_U0qUI-O09YYtMGy_NZMxAE802r56nU/w533-h408/Pioneers%20-%20Cincinnati%201825.jpg" width="533" /></a></div><br /><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span><p></p><br /><p></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-11670256111765093082023-02-10T22:26:00.001-05:002023-02-10T22:26:13.788-05:001826<p> </p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Boston
has several horse-drawn omnibus lines in operation. By 1845 “some twenty lines
carried the Bostonian about his business quickly and expeditiously.” In this
era, Oscar Handlin wrote, only one Bostonian in 64 was brought to court. Only
one in 107 was convicted. (21-18.)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7IANvfVRRkE5T6KkjYWeFRJ1zbNnK4GXtRaG2XwkG_BFC9PGI1nHtUUF334IfRqv4xYECKrG-e5nMr09hxMr7Ysl4upHvEnutq0HNeTXynhi4uXnHRsPf6orSzyFw_TvNNVkFO219b34P-ahQiqP9tt7AgxiShjYTVs6ClvPk8bfaBIymeFeZRoO3/s690/John%20Adams.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="690" data-original-width="550" height="556" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7IANvfVRRkE5T6KkjYWeFRJ1zbNnK4GXtRaG2XwkG_BFC9PGI1nHtUUF334IfRqv4xYECKrG-e5nMr09hxMr7Ysl4upHvEnutq0HNeTXynhi4uXnHRsPf6orSzyFw_TvNNVkFO219b34P-ahQiqP9tt7AgxiShjYTVs6ClvPk8bfaBIymeFeZRoO3/w443-h556/John%20Adams.jpg" width="443" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">President John Adams dies.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtCfnOFXJpqSIUfaIAcLTdFtF9pyYDAMPio1iONg79jo5JttxOmfcyiM2IDYXm0-pSOaIwLbe1ghlJm1GVGW_CxA1TAxiUFINHYNOXzfyyRmQABj6uzm4Pn5iLIUnXF0DqZAeWRTAg8-Br9ACB4dcf6CVljG_OjejflOZHgJiHl1o1JTd1n882YTSO/s3496/Government%20-%20Founding%20Fathers%20-%20Thomas%20Jefferson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3496" data-original-width="2543" height="593" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtCfnOFXJpqSIUfaIAcLTdFtF9pyYDAMPio1iONg79jo5JttxOmfcyiM2IDYXm0-pSOaIwLbe1ghlJm1GVGW_CxA1TAxiUFINHYNOXzfyyRmQABj6uzm4Pn5iLIUnXF0DqZAeWRTAg8-Br9ACB4dcf6CVljG_OjejflOZHgJiHl1o1JTd1n882YTSO/w432-h593/Government%20-%20Founding%20Fathers%20-%20Thomas%20Jefferson.jpg" width="432" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">President Jefferson dies the same day.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">John
Adams dies. A few of his thoughts on life:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">“To be good,
and to do good, is all we have to do.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">“A scholar is
always made alone.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">“He was no
man’s enemy but his own.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Referring to
his on son Charles’ death from alcoholism)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">“The longer I
live, the more I read, the more patiently I think, and the more anxiously I
inquire, the less I seem to know...Do justly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Love mercy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Walk humbly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is enough.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">“He who loves
the Workman and his work, and does what he can to preserve and improve it,
shall be accepted of Him.”</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">“Will you tell
me how to prevent riches from producing luxury?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Will you tell me how to prevent luxury from producing effeminacy,
intoxication, extravagance, vice and folly?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Letter to Thomas Jefferson)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpp0IAZvb9MQUlvUDMSEJGqOFvTUXPOZHfSRO490eW0sSNrZSf7TPHu80Z-ZQiIMqvDT7XXLKl8qsMDI4T7DYojwb164f2TjHiYdOOZtAowHX1TU7ATYtQIjrn8kPol-rcVqdDYDtZKoSgAznDQFbD1QCU-r1QBZNs6a46UW3Dz9X8Ej-nyzsSt0W3/s4884/Colonial%20-%20homes%20of%20the%20Adams%20family%20in%20Quincy,%20Mass..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3498" data-original-width="4884" height="407" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpp0IAZvb9MQUlvUDMSEJGqOFvTUXPOZHfSRO490eW0sSNrZSf7TPHu80Z-ZQiIMqvDT7XXLKl8qsMDI4T7DYojwb164f2TjHiYdOOZtAowHX1TU7ATYtQIjrn8kPol-rcVqdDYDtZKoSgAznDQFbD1QCU-r1QBZNs6a46UW3Dz9X8Ej-nyzsSt0W3/w569-h407/Colonial%20-%20homes%20of%20the%20Adams%20family%20in%20Quincy,%20Mass..jpg" width="569" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The home of future presidents.<br /><br />Quincy, Massachusetts.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p><br /><p></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-75001334573346230472023-02-10T22:17:00.004-05:002023-02-10T22:17:23.854-05:001827<p> </p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Massachusetts
passes a law that requires any community of more than 500 inhabitants to
maintain a school higher than the primary grades. “But,” says Ruth Finley,
“there was much opposition to this levying on public funds.” (113/232)</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7el-JkLl9kW6g3xVrNk7sacfZQbj4fDBzGC5NQRPVcd4ziGoy19pOC_Vn51RPbj3eQ53MFriDV3bkkmtXMNQXQP4CbSYc22khWLoBQoChUEBZq8f14BlgSf0O406Kenw8beK3-0_8Ia0rpztZh-vT6e3SlsPxBWiWcoinIMmfrcya140jNtRArPx9/s3443/Currier%20and%20Ives%20-%20a%20ride%20to%20school%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2441" data-original-width="3443" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7el-JkLl9kW6g3xVrNk7sacfZQbj4fDBzGC5NQRPVcd4ziGoy19pOC_Vn51RPbj3eQ53MFriDV3bkkmtXMNQXQP4CbSYc22khWLoBQoChUEBZq8f14BlgSf0O406Kenw8beK3-0_8Ia0rpztZh-vT6e3SlsPxBWiWcoinIMmfrcya140jNtRArPx9/w559-h396/Currier%20and%20Ives%20-%20a%20ride%20to%20school%20(2).jpg" width="559" /></a></div><br />John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1997519179796849230.post-22238408012617351672023-02-10T22:12:00.002-05:002023-02-10T22:14:09.918-05:001828<p> </p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Charles
Carroll, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence “laid the
first stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.” (124/345) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Van
Loon on Andrew Jackson’s election: “he assumed complete charge of affairs and
for the next eight years he ruled the country by the grace of his own will…at
heart he was a conservative.” (124/317)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The emancipation of the black man,
because it was accompanied by a costly and bloody war, has attracted a great
deal of historical attention. The emancipation of the white man, however, is
apt to be overlooked because it took place without any interference on the part
of the executioner and his gallows. But in this movement to set the white man
free from the last shackles of his ancient serfdom the new dictator played a
prominent part – perhaps not a conscious one but a very important one all the
same. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The people of the frontier might not
care whether they had ever heard of Europe or not, but Europe was beginning to
hear of them and the success of the great experiment in popular government in
America encouraged them in their own efforts to shake off the yoke that had
become unbearable. (124/318-319)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The democratic ideal, in the hands of
the wrong people, can do more damage in a shorter space of time than any other
form of government ever devised by the ingenuity of man. Worst of all, it had
(and still has) a terrible tendency to encourage mediocrity and to make a
virtue of ignorance and inefficiency. (124/320)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0fI5xI9C-LygYvH42cNODVfOIbUnGnCN2alNyeuq-nWFWLhdRyPk7MB0tJKtxxo_IkX4gSDFKMz3DYtel4ok5TJHgXTrTLqS85hoLZ_LxtVyYAgd6Z7K0O-8NkssLwmLD3A8jAK2YB3J9hLpBww3BTqFYCmdl7OThQb10zpT9b1KLE_I-jXozJZ4l/s2929/President%20Jackson.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2929" data-original-width="2100" height="619" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0fI5xI9C-LygYvH42cNODVfOIbUnGnCN2alNyeuq-nWFWLhdRyPk7MB0tJKtxxo_IkX4gSDFKMz3DYtel4ok5TJHgXTrTLqS85hoLZ_LxtVyYAgd6Z7K0O-8NkssLwmLD3A8jAK2YB3J9hLpBww3BTqFYCmdl7OThQb10zpT9b1KLE_I-jXozJZ4l/w443-h619/President%20Jackson.jpg" width="443" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Charles
Francis Adams has asked Abigail Brooks to marry him. Now he has a problem. He
must dump a mistress.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In the evening I went through one of
those disagreeable scenes which occurs sometimes in life. No man of sense will
ever keep a Mistress. For if she is valuable, the separation when it comes is
terrible, and if she is not, she is more plague than profit. Ever since my
engagement, I have been preparing for a close of my licentious intrigues, and
this evening I cut the last cord which bound me. What a pity that experience is
always to be learned over and over by each successive generation. (45/71)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
a novel of this era (Smith doesn’t give a date), the heroine is against
anything like women’s rights.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
heroine is clear, that “women were secondary objects of creation. … Nor have we
any right to require of superior men an example of the virtue to which he would
train us. … Our state of society is a dependent one,” she says, “and it is ours
to be good and amiable, whatever may be the conduct of the men to whom we are
subjected.” Helen Wells, in the <i>Step-Mother</i>, endorsed the axiom that the
man was “lord and master, from whose will there is no appeal.” The unmarried
woman was an object of amusement or derision. Often, as in <i>Constantia
Neville</i>, a “tall meagre female…a virago disappointed in the accomplishment
of her favorite wish.” (45/72)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">*</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Cherokees
helped make slave raids with settlers vs. other tribes as early as 1710. Helped
fight Shawnees in 1750s; traded with English.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Fought
in 1760 after murder of 40 men, who had served the British (murderers were
scalp hunters); punished by loss of land when they lost war.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sold
land in Kentucky, 1770s. Sided with British in Revolution; lost land east of
the Blue Ridge.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">About
1803 began to accept Christian teachings, live like whites, helped fight Creek
“Red Sticks” in 1815, turned down Tecumseh’s offer to join broad coalition of
tribes; meanwhile tried to adopt settler ways (newspaper, courts, laws
patterned after U.S., George Guess, known as Sequoia, develops 86-letter
alphabet; schools set up; own slaves!)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Later:
they help the Confederacy in the Civil War.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
governor of Georgia sent surveyors out across their lands despite federal
treaties with the tribes. The Cherokee went to court and the U. S. Supreme
Court ruled for them. Andrew Jackson said, “John Marshall has made his
decision; now let him enforce it.” Politically, it made good sense to stoke
fear of the natives and to ignore their treaty rights; and AJ was a politician.
(Life<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> History of the United States:
1829-1849</i>, p. 42)</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">McLaughlin, (56/317-318):</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.3in 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Perpetua",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Cherokees especially were well
advanced. They had churches, schools, and courts of law, and had well-tilled
fields and comfortable homes…Georgia desired the Indians’ lands, and was not
willing to wait. She demanded the immediate removal of the tribes beyond the
Mississippi. A treaty was made by the National Government providing for the
sale of most of the land of the Creeks. But Georgia would not wait until the
time came for carrying out the treaty. State surveyors were ordered into the
territory of the Creeks. The president forbade the survey. At first the State
obeyed, but finally became very impatient. The Governor announced the doctrine
of State sovereignty, and asserted that the State had an equal authority with
the United States ‘to pass upon its rights.’ Adams was prepared to protect the
Indians in their property, and ordered the United States District Attorney and
marshal to arrest any one endeavoring to survey the Indian lands west of a
certain line. The Governor prepared for resistance, and ordered the militia
officers of the State to be in readiness with their forces to repel invasion.
The majority in Congress were opposed to Adams and did not wish to support him,
and he hesitated, naturally, to bring on civil war on such an issue. The Creeks
were soon compelled to leave their lands. About the same time encroachments
were made upon the Cherokee territory, and the final outcome was much the same
as in the case of the Creeks.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsI7CPkXm4BWOrqG2tQEszgVwNm5yq8sNrqc3JrIE08c16teXrcOAT1Ag1_14jeYm55u_TdHQRJga554jtgAJcOZQYfYhYSffRGklqO9y9_sisXHfph50BwSUumdJB5aVOREY59dSId6UA5Sdfrn1WHffXLH6ymuJgWjaiF3mYRzk-dE5QyyQgQP9p/s5799/Map%20of%20Cherokee%20lands%20in%20Georgia%20and%20region.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5799" data-original-width="4007" height="624" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsI7CPkXm4BWOrqG2tQEszgVwNm5yq8sNrqc3JrIE08c16teXrcOAT1Ag1_14jeYm55u_TdHQRJga554jtgAJcOZQYfYhYSffRGklqO9y9_sisXHfph50BwSUumdJB5aVOREY59dSId6UA5Sdfrn1WHffXLH6ymuJgWjaiF3mYRzk-dE5QyyQgQP9p/w431-h624/Map%20of%20Cherokee%20lands%20in%20Georgia%20and%20region.jpg" width="431" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Both the Creeks and Cherokee would be driven from their lands.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: center;"><br /></p>John J. Viallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05355223708051895485noreply@blogger.com0