1886

 

January: The American Bell Telephone Company dominates the business and has 330,000 telephones in use. 

“One of the most interesting and valuable inventions of this or any century was that of the telephone,” he writes in 1925 (Benjamin Andrews, IV, 354)

 

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Chapter XXII of The Youth’s History of the United States by Edward Ellis, includes this lengthy passage:

 

[The marriage of President Cleveland] …took place on Wednesday, June 2, 1886, in the Blue Room of the White House, and was one of the most brilliant ceremonies of the kind that has ever occurred in that historic building.

 

Daylight was carefully excluded from the room and the whole interior was radiant with the flood of light from the massive crystal chandelier. The air was fragrant with the perfume of flowers, and the great banks of scarlet begonias and magnificent roses threw a rich glow over all. The delicate ivory shades of the bride’s wedding gown were strikingly set off by the masses of crimson roses just beyond.

 

The ceremony was performed by the Rev. Dr. Sunderland, and the Rev. Mr. Cleveland, brother of the president, pronounced the benediction.

 

The bride, in whom the whole nation felt a tender and admiring interest, was Francis Folsom, who was born in Buffalo, July 21, 1864. She possessed fine ability, was amiable and popular, and during her occupancy of the White House, none presided with more grace and becoming dignity. It cannot be denied that much of the popularity of President Cleveland’s administration was due to his accomplished wife. Since his retirement from office a daughter has been born to the husband and wife.

 

The marriage of President Cleveland, while in office, renders appropriate an account of the domestic life at the White House.

 

Abigail Adams was the first to establish domestic life there at the beginning of the present century. The structure was much inferior to the one of the present day, and the festivities were few, the only important ones being those which occurred at the New Year’s receptions.

 

….Jefferson was simple in his tastes, and while he was president no entertainments were given except the public receptions. When, however, the genial “Dolly” Madison became mistress, she made the White House a social center.

 

The first marriage in the White House was in 1811, while Mrs. Madison was hostess. The bride was her niece, Miss Todd, a Quaker girl, of Philadelphia, and the groom Congressman John J. Jackson, of Virginia. It may be stated that he was the great-uncle of the famous Confederate leader, Stonewall Jackson. Out of respect for the religious principles of the demure Quaker girl, the wedding was a quiet one. The reception was attended by all the congressmen and the Washington officials.

 

The second marriage in the White House was that of Marie Monroe, youngest daughter of President Monroe, to her cousin, Samuel L. Gouverneur, of New York. This took place in March, 1820. The wedding was private, only the bridesmaids, the family relations, and the old friends of the bride and groom being present. The bridesmaids and their attendants assisted at a public reception given in their honor, the following week, by the president. He and Mrs. Monroe mingled with the company, leaving to the bridal pair the duties of host and hostess. A grand ball was afterward given to them by Commodore Decatur.

 

…Only one president previous to Mr. Cleveland was married during his term of office. The wife of John Tyler died in 1842, when he had been president a year and a half. Within the succeeding two years, he was married to Julia Gardner in New York. He returned at once to the White House, where a grand reception was held in her honor. [Tyler’s third daughter was also married at the White House, “the wedding was a brilliant one,” and guests included Mrs. Madison.]

 

One of the most famous weddings in the White House was that of Nellie Grant, only daughter of General Grant. It was performed in the East Room, May 21, 1874, the groom being Algernon Sartoris, of Hampshire, England. The wedding was the most brilliant ever known in Washington. The two hundred guests present represented the officials of the government and their families, the army and marine corps and their families, the diplomatic corps and personal friends. The couple sailed for Europe, where they have spent most of their time since.

 

[President Arthur was a widower; Buchanan was a bachelor, and Harriet Lane, his beautiful niece, presided.]

 

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[Ellis, the author, gives brief capsules of all the first ladies. Mrs. Washington was 17 when]

 

…she married John Parke Custis, a wealthy gentleman, who died ten years later. The handsome and wealthy widow afterward married George Washington.

 

[Abigail Adams came to D.C.]: That beautiful city was then a straggling town built in a swamp. Mrs. Adams was the first lady of the White House, but when she took up her abode in it the building was only half finished….Mrs. Adams was a lady of unusual mental power and proved an invaluable helpmate to her husband.

 

[Jefferson’s daughters, Mrs. Randolph and Mrs. Eppes] visited the mansion only twice, and now and then Mrs. Madison officiated. The first child born in the White House was the son of Mrs. Eppes, who was a lady of remarkable beauty. Mrs. Randolph was brilliant and accomplished, but the demands of her family prevented her from acting as the hostess of the White House.

 

Mrs. Madison was a genial, kind-hearted, laughing lady, who was the widow of a staid Friend, when she was married at the age of twenty-three to James Madison. She may have lacked the elegance of some of the other ladies of the White House, but her tact and wit, her astonishing memory of faces and her geniality made her popular with all. She delighted in having young people around her, and paid little attention to the ceremonious customs of her predecessors. She was fond of dress, though not extravagant.

 

Mrs. Monroe, her successor, was the opposite in every respect. She was tall, graceful and elegant of manner, well-informed, and her life abroad had made her familiar with the usages proper in such an exalted position. The East Room, which had long been the play room of children, was furnished, and her receptions were of a stately and ceremonious character. She required full dress and returned no calls. She died suddenly one year before the death of her husband, and five years after he had withdrawn to private life.

 

Mrs. John Quincy Adams was a worthy successor…Although of American lineage, she was born and educated in London and married there at the age of twenty-two. She was highly accomplished, with exquisite taste and considerable beauty…Her health was failing when she came to the White House and her life there was quiet.

 

[Jackson’s wife was dead when he came to Washington. Her nieces, Mrs. Donelson and Mrs. Jackson, Jr. acted as hostesses.] The four children of Mrs. Donelson were all born in the White House, and the christening of each was made a memorable occasion by the president.

 

[Van Buren was also a widower of twenty years.] During his term the wife of his eldest son presided in the White House with grace and taste. She was a beautiful lady of fine education and of an aristocratic family.

 

You remember that President Harrison died shortly after his inauguration—so soon, indeed, that his wife’s preparations for going to the capital were not completed and she never occupied the White House.

 

[After Tyler’s wife died…] Miss Julia Gardner and her sister, daughters of a wealthy gentleman of New York, often accompanied their father in his travels for pleasure, and they spent several winters in Washington. About a year after the death of Mrs. Tyler, Miss Gardner attracted the attention of the president at a White House reception held on Washington’s Birthday, 1844, and later the president went to New York and married her. The bride was twenty-six years of age and the groom was a little more than double her age. She was the lady of the White House for eight months only, but her reign was brilliant.

 

Mrs. Sarah Childress Polk was a strict member of the Presbyterian Church, and a thoroughly graceful and accomplished lady. She banished dancing from the White House during her stay, and allowed no refreshments at the presidential receptions.

 

The wife of President Taylor entered the White House with a reluctance amounting to aversion. Her husband had led a stormy life, having taken part in a great many battles for his country. The two were strongly attached to each other, but General Taylor’s duties had kept him from home so long that the wife’s fondest hope was that they might spend their declining years together. All that was destroyed by his elevation to the presidency, and she gave over to her daughter, Mrs. Major Bliss, the direction of ceremonies, dinners and receptions at the White House.

 

…Mrs. Abigail Powers Fillmore succeeded as the hostess of the executive manor. She had been a teacher for several years before and after her marriage, which took place when she was twenty-seven years old. She was of a social disposition, but suffered so much from a bad lameness that she gave her place so far as possible to her young daughter.

 

When Mrs. Pierce entered the White House, she was bowed with grief over the death of her last child. Indeed, she never fully recovered from her affliction. She was the daughter of President Appleton, of Bowdoin College, and her mind was highly cultivated. She was of dreamy and poetic tendencies and took but slight interest in political affairs.

 

Harriet Lane, the niece of President Buchanan, was the lady of the White House during his presidency. She had a tall, commanding figure, fine features, luxuriant brown hair, a strikingly beautiful complexion, and was one of the most admired of women…

 

Miss Mary Todd, when twenty-one years old, married Abraham Lincoln…Within a few days of his inauguration as president she held her first reception at the White House. She was a cheerful, kind-hearted lady, whose later years were darkened by the awful tragedy that robbed our country of one of the greatest and best presidents since Washington.

 

Miss Eliza McCardle was married in her eighteenth year to Andrew Johnson, who at twenty-one was still an apprentice. You know with what labor he had learned to read, while he was toiling in a tailor’s workshop, and he now became the pupil of his wife, who taught him to write. He pursued his studies evening after evening until his learning at last outstripped that of his teacher. After Mrs. Johnson entered the White House, her health became so broken that she was unable to perform the duties of hostess. [Mrs. Martha Patterson, a daughter, helped take charge.]

 

When Mrs. Julia Dent Grant moved into the White House it was beautifully furnished and equipped. She liked splendor and pleasure, and from the time she took charge it was the scene of magnificent entertainment. Mrs. Grant was well educated, and presided with grace and dignity.

 

Mrs. Lucy Webb Hayes was married to Rutherford B. Hayes in 1852, and was the happy mother of four boys and one girl. She was noted for her devotion to the wounded soldiers of the war. Her husband’s three terms as governor of Ohio gave her all the tuition she could need for the more exalted position of lady of the White House. Her refinement and Christian character rendered her one of the most illustrious of all who have presided in the executive mansion.

 

Miss Lucretia Rudolph married James A. Garfield when he became president of Hiram College, in which both had been students. She was a lady of many accomplishments and was a devoted wife and mother, but hardly had she become used to the duties of the White House when her life was darkened by the dreadful death of her husband.

 

[President Arthur’s sister presided.]

 

During the first part of Mr. Cleveland’s administration, his sister, Miss Rose Elizabeth, was the lady of the White House. She is a woman of high mental gifts, and her brief reign as the first lady of the land was worthy in every respect of her illustrious predecessors.

 

Miss Lavinia Scott married President Harrison when he was a young man just beginning the battle of life, and had the happiness, therefore, of being his companion and helper in adversity as well as prosperity. She was a lady of excellent education and many accomplishments, long identified with active charitable and church work at her home in Indianapolis. As mistress of the White House, she commanded the respect of all by her amiable disposition, grace and true womanliness. She died after a lingering illness, November 1, 1892.