1814

 

March 27: The Battle of Horseshoe Bend is just as bloody as the fight at Fort Mims (1813), and the butchery equally terrible, but results reversed. 

NOTE TO TEACHERS: It is telling that historians call one a “battle” and the other a “massacre.”

General Andrew Jackson.

 

Sam Houston is a young man in this fight, and is wounded by “a barbed arrow.” Coffin says the soldiers sent a messenger to offer to spare all the Creeks who surrendered, 

but the Creeks, instead of surrendering, shot the messenger. The exasperated soldiers then shot them down without mercy. Of the one thousand Indian warriors, all except two hundred were killed. Jackson lost one hundred and twenty-five. The chief, Weatherford [a man of mixed white and native parentage, also known as “Red Eagle”], escaped on a horse; but he could fight no longer – nearly all his warriors had been killed.

 

Five days later, Weatherford,” a brave and humane” man, according to Coffin, surrendered to General Jackson: 

“I am Weatherford,” he said. “I have nothing to request for myself – you can kill me; but I came to beg for the lives of the women and children, who are starving in the woods. I hope you will send out parties to bring them in and feed them. I did what I could to prevent the massacre at Fort Nims [Mims]. I have fought the United States; if I had an army I would still fight, but I have not. I ask nothing for myself. I am your prisoner. For my people, I can only weep over their misfortunes.”

 

General Jackson admired him; but there was no safety for the brave man even under General Jackson’s protection. The relatives of those who had been massacred at Fort Nims thirsted for his blood. He was obliged to flee; but when the war with England was over he returned, and became a respected citizen of Alabama. (72/210)

 

While other sources also put Creek losses at a thousand – including 800 warriors – it would be almost a certainty that many more of the dead, than just two hundred, were women and children.

 

* 

August 9: British naval forces bombard Stonington, Connecticut and leave the town in smoking ruins. 

John Bach McMaster provides more detail: 

Fighting along the Seaboard. – During 1812 and 1813 the British did little more than blockade our coast from Rhode Island to New Orleans, leaving all the east coast of New England unmolested. But in 1814 the entire coast was blockaded, the eastern part of Maine was seized and occupied, and Stonington, Connecticut was bombarded.*

 

*In New England the ruin of commerce made the war most unpopular, and it was because of this that the British did not at first blockade the New England coast. British goods came to Boston, Salem, and other ports in neutral ships, or in British ships disguised as neutral, and great quantities of them were carried in four-horse wagons to the South, whence raw cotton was brought back to New England to be shipped abroad. The Republicans made great fun of this “ox-and-horse-marine.”

Home in Stonington.

A park in remembrance of the raid and defense.

 

* 

The “Bladensburg races.” 

August 24: With a British invasion force threatening D.C., Monroe helps officers, including General Tobias E. Stansbury, position a line of troops in a wide arc, on rising ground, at Bladensburg, facing a bridge across the East Branch, which the enemy would have to cross. When General William Winder arrived at noon he positioned his troops a mile behind the first line, higher up the hill. President Madison also arrived, and rode his horse so far forward that he had to be stopped before crossing into British lines. 

Ammon describes the fight: 

The engagement at Bladensburg, which nominally lasted from one until four in the afternoon, was really over almost as soon as it began. The militia units in the front line broke and ran after the first shots were fired. Much of the panic was generated by the unfamiliar Congreve rocket, a relatively harmless but disconcerting weapon. The collapse of the front line set up a chain reaction affecting all the other units. Within a half-hour after the battle began, as Stansbury’s men poured into the rear, Winder ordered a general retreat in the hope that he could reorganize the army outside Washington. The British were held back two hours by Commodore Joshua Barney and an attachment of marines and sailors, whose telling artillery fire delayed the advance. Winder’s plan proved unworkable as the retreat turned into a chaotic route – the “Bladensburg races” were underway. It seemed incredible that an army of 7,000 occupying a defensive position had retreated before a force of 4,000 men without artillery or cavalry. The American humiliation was all the greater, for the flight had begun before Ross’s main force had been brought into action. (24/333)

 

After Washington was attacked, President Madison had to flee, looking “miserably shattered and wo-begone.” It is said he spent one night in a hen house. By this time the U.S. government was bankrupt. The British offered peace terms: but the Northwest Territory would have become a neutral buffer state. About a third of American territory would have to be ceded.

 

* 

September 11: A second British invasion is halted in the Battle of Lake Champlain, a decisive American victory.

 

* 

September 27: Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. is replaced by Monroe, who took to sleeping on a camp bed in his War Department office, so that he would be always on hand to receive dispatches. In the fall of 1814, the U.S. army numbered only 30,000 men, half of the force that Congress had approved.

 

* 

December: At the Hartford Convention, the New England states flirt with secession, stating, 

In cases of deliberate, dangerous and palpable infractions of the Constitution, affecting the sovereignty of a State and the liberties of the people; it is not only right but the duty of such a State to interpose its authority for their protection, in the manner best calculated to secure that end.

 

Van Loon explains that with Napoleon seemingly defeated once and for all, and confined to the island of Corsica, the full military might of Great Britain could finally be turned on the United States. 

At last the British government had its hands free and was able to gather an army of veterans in Montreal and Quebec for the recapture of the rebellious American provinces. But just when everything was set for the great campaign, the Corsican monster escaped to the European mainland and England was once more called upon to deliver her quota of allied troops. After the victory of Waterloo and the conclusion of the peace of Paris, when one out of every seven people in England had been reduced to the state of a pauper by the uninterrupted decade of war, it seemed absurd and wicked to continue a conflict in which no one was really interested. Besides, now that Napoleon had been sent to St. Helena, the greater part of the British navy had become superfluous and there was no longer any need for pressing foreign sailors into the service of His Majesty.

 

* 

December 24: The Treaty of Ghent is signed in Europe. Van Loon sums up the results this way. The war had “changed absolutely nothing and left everything as it had been four years previously.” (124/291) 

Ammon offers a more positive summary: 

Although the war was at best an ignoble stalemate in which the nation had only been saved from disaster by the decision of Britain not to prosecute the war on a massive scale, the conflict was at once portrayed in popular mythology as a victory, which had again proven the effectiveness of the valor of a free people in a contest against the world’s mightiest power. To many it seemed a second war of independence. (24/343)

 

With no way to communicate quickly, on this side of the Atlantic, no one knows that peace is at hand. 

Coffin explains: 

The invasion of New Orleans took shape, as did the defense. Gen. Jackson was happy to learn that 2,000 Kentuckians had come to join him, but shocked to find only 700 had rifles. “I don’t believe it,” he fumed. “I have never seen a Kentuckian without a gun and a pack of cards and a bottle of whiskey in my life.” 

1828

 

__________ 

“No man of sense will ever keep a Mistress. For if she is valuable, the separation when it comes is terrible, and if she is not, she is more plague than profit.” 

Charles Francis Adams.

__________

Charles Carroll, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence “laid the first stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.” (124/345)

 

* 

Van Loon on Andrew Jackson’s election: “he assumed complete charge of affairs and for the next eight years he ruled the country by the grace of his own will…at heart he was a conservative.” (124/317) 

    The emancipation of the black man, because it was accompanied by a costly and bloody war, has attracted a great deal of historical attention. The emancipation of the white man, however, is apt to be overlooked because it took place without any interference on the part of the executioner and his gallows. But in this movement to set the white man free from the last shackles of his ancient serfdom the new dictator played a prominent part – perhaps not a conscious one but a very important one all the same.

 

    The people of the frontier might not care whether they had ever heard of Europe or not, but Europe was beginning to hear of them and the success of the great experiment in popular government in America encouraged them in their own efforts to shake off the yoke that had become unbearable. (124/318-319)

 

    The democratic ideal, in the hands of the wrong people, can do more damage in a shorter space of time than any other form of government ever devised by the ingenuity of man. Worst of all, it had (and still has) a terrible tendency to encourage mediocrity and to make a virtue of ignorance and inefficiency. (124/320)

 

* 

    Charles Francis Adams has asked Abigail Brooks to marry him. Now he has a problem. He must dump a mistress. 

    In the evening I went through one of those disagreeable scenes which occurs sometimes in life. No man of sense will ever keep a Mistress. For if she is valuable, the separation when it comes is terrible, and if she is not, she is more plague than profit. Ever since my engagement, I have been preparing for a close of my licentious intrigues, and this evening I cut the last cord which bound me. What a pity that experience is always to be learned over and over by each successive generation. (45/71)

 

    In a novel of this era (Smith doesn’t give a date), the heroine is against anything like women’s rights. 

    The heroine is clear, that “women were secondary objects of creation. … Nor have we any right to require of superior men an example of the virtue to which he would train us. … Our state of society is a dependent one,” she says, “and it is ours to be good and amiable, whatever may be the conduct of the men to whom we are subjected.” Helen Wells, in the Step-Mother, endorsed the axiom that the man was “lord and master, from whose will there is no appeal.” The unmarried woman was an object of amusement or derision. Often, as in Constantia Neville, a “tall meagre female…a virago disappointed in the accomplishment of her favorite wish.” (45/72)  

 

* 

    The Cherokee helped make slave raids with settlers vs. other tribes as early as 1710. Helped fight Shawnees in 1750s; traded with English. 

    Fought the colonists in 1760 after murder of 40 of their men, who had served with the British (murderers were scalp hunters); they were punished by loss of land when they were defeated. 

    Sold land in Kentucky, 1770s. Sided with British in Revolution; lost land east of the Blue Ridge. 

    About 1803 began to accept Christian teachings, live like whites, helped fight Creek “Red Sticks” in 1815, turned down Tecumseh’s offer to join broad coalition of tribes; meanwhile, they tried to adopt settler ways (newspaper, courts, laws patterned after U.S., George Guess, known as Sequoia, develops 86-letter alphabet; schools set up; own slaves!) 

    Later: they helped the Confederacy in the Civil War.

 

    The governor of Georgia sent surveyors out across their lands despite federal treaties with the tribes. The Cherokee went to court and the U. S. Supreme Court ruled for them. Andrew Jackson said, “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.” Politically, it made good sense to stoke fear of the natives and to ignore their treaty rights; and AJ was a politician. (Life History of the United States: 1829-1849, p. 42) 

    From McLaughlin, (56/317-318): 

The Cherokees especially were well advanced. They had churches, schools, and courts of law, and had well-tilled fields and comfortable homes…Georgia desired the Indians’ lands, and was not willing to wait. She demanded the immediate removal of the tribes beyond the Mississippi. A treaty was made by the National Government providing for the sale of most of the land of the Creeks. But Georgia would not wait until the time came for carrying out the treaty. State surveyors were ordered into the territory of the Creeks. The president forbade the survey. At first the State obeyed, but finally became very impatient. The Governor announced the doctrine of State sovereignty, and asserted that the State had an equal authority with the United States ‘to pass upon its rights.’ Adams was prepared to protect the Indians in their property, and ordered the United States District Attorney and marshal to arrest any one endeavoring to survey the Indian lands west of a certain line. The Governor prepared for resistance, and ordered the militia officers of the State to be in readiness with their forces to repel invasion. The majority in Congress were opposed to Adams and did not wish to support him, and he hesitated, naturally, to bring on civil war on such an issue. The Creeks were soon compelled to leave their lands. About the same time encroachments were made upon the Cherokee territory, and the final outcome was much the same as in the case of the Creeks.

Both the Creeks and Cherokee would be driven from their lands.
Map not in possession of the blogger.